报错：You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near '{ PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (0), PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (1), PA' at line 5 */

It looks like the error is due to the use of the keyword "columns" in your SQL statement. Try removing "columns" from the statement and see if that resolves the issue. Here's an updated version of your SQL statement without the "columns" keyword:

ALTER TABLE a00_all_subject 
PARTITION BY RANGE (first_subject_id) {
    PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (0),
    PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (1),
    PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (2),
    PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (3),
    PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN (4),
    PARTITION p5 VALUES LESS THAN (5),
    PARTITION p6 VALUES LESS THAN (6),
    PARTITION p7 VALUES LESS THAN (7),
    PARTITION p8 VALUES LESS THAN (8),
    PARTITION p9 VALUES LESS THAN (9),
    PARTITION p10 VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE)
};

Note that the syntax may vary depending on your MySQL server version, so make sure to check the documentation for the version you are using.