C++实现一个复杂的类，包括所有C++的知识点

一个复杂的类可以包括以下C++知识点：

1. 构造函数和析构函数
2. 静态成员变量和静态成员函数
3. 友元函数和友元类
4. 继承和多态
5. 运算符重载
6. 模板和泛型编程
7. 异常处理
8. RAII（资源获取即初始化）

下面是一个示例代码：

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

class Person {
public:
    // 构造函数
    Person(string name, int age) : m_name(name), m_age(age) {
        cout << "Person constructor called" << endl;
    }

    // 析构函数
    ~Person() {
        cout << "Person destructor called" << endl;
    }

    // 静态成员变量和静态成员函数
    static int s_count;
    static void s_func() {
        cout << "Static function called" << endl;
    }

    // 友元函数和友元类
    friend void friend_func(Person& p) {
        cout << "Friend function called, name: " << p.m_name << endl;
    }
    friend class FriendClass;

    // 继承和多态
    virtual void virtual_func() {
        cout << "Person virtual function called" << endl;
    }

    // 运算符重载
    bool operator<(const Person& other) const {
        return m_age < other.m_age;
    }

    // 模板和泛型编程
    template <typename T>
    void template_func(vector<T>& vec) {
        for (auto& v : vec) {
            cout << v << " ";
        }
        cout << endl;
    }

    // 异常处理
    void throw_exception() {
        throw runtime_error("Exception thrown");
    }

    // RAII（资源获取即初始化）
    class Resource {
    public:
        Resource() {
            cout << "Resource acquired" << endl;
        }
        ~Resource() {
            cout << "Resource released" << endl;
        }
    };

private:
    string m_name;
    int m_age;
};

// 静态成员变量初始化
int Person::s_count = 0;

// 继承和多态
class Student : public Person {
public:
    Student(string name, int age, string school) : Person(name, age), m_school(school) {
        cout << "Student constructor called" << endl;
    }

    ~Student() {
        cout << "Student destructor called" << endl;
    }

    void virtual_func() override {
        cout << "Student virtual function called" << endl;
    }

private:
    string m_school;
};

// 友元类
class FriendClass {
public:
    void friend_class_func(Person& p) {
        cout << "Friend class function called, age: " << p.m_age << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    // 构造函数和析构函数
    Person p("Tom", 20);

    // 静态成员变量和静态成员函数
    Person::s_count = 10;
    Person::s_func();

    // 友元函数和友元类
    friend_func(p);
    FriendClass fc;
    fc.friend_class_func(p);

    // 继承和多态
    Person* ptr = new Student("Jerry", 18, "MIT");
    ptr->virtual_func();
    delete ptr;

    // 运算符重载
    vector<Person> vec{Person("A", 10), Person("B", 30), Person("C", 20)};
    sort(vec.begin(), vec.end());
    for (auto& v : vec) {
        cout << v.m_name << " ";
    }
    cout << endl;

    // 模板和泛型编程
    vector<int> int_vec{1, 2, 3};
    vector<string> str_vec{"hello", "world"};
    p.template_func<int>(int_vec);
    p.template_func<string>(str_vec);

    // 异常处理
    try {
        p.throw_exception();
    } catch (const exception& e) {
        cout << e.what() << endl;
    }

    // RAII（资源获取即初始化）
    {
        Person::Resource res;
    }

    return 0;
}