sql case when

In SQL, the `CASE WHEN` statement is used to perform conditional logic. It is used to evaluate a set of conditions and return a value based on the result of the evaluation.

The basic syntax for the `CASE WHEN` statement is as follows:

CASE 
  WHEN condition1 THEN result1
  WHEN condition2 THEN result2
  ...
  WHEN conditionN THEN resultN
  ELSE default_result
END

Here's a breakdown of what each part of the syntax does:

- `CASE` begins the `CASE WHEN` statement.
- `WHEN` specifies the condition to be evaluated.
- `THEN` specifies the value to be returned if the condition is true.
- `ELSE` specifies the value to be returned if none of the conditions are true.
- `END` ends the `CASE WHEN` statement.

Here's an example that uses `CASE WHEN` to classify products in a table based on their prices:

SELECT product_name,
       price,
       CASE
         WHEN price < 10 THEN 'Cheap'
         WHEN price >= 10 AND price < 50 THEN 'Moderate'
         WHEN price >= 50 THEN 'Expensive'
         ELSE 'Unknown'
       END AS price_category
FROM products;

In this example, the `CASE WHEN` statement evaluates the `price` column for each row in the `products` table. If the price is less than 10, it is classified as "Cheap". If the price is between 10 and 50, it is classified as "Moderate". If the price is 50 or greater, it is classified as "Expensive". If the price is not provided, it is classified as "Unknown".