设计一个学生类Student，并派生出：小学生、中学生、大学生、研究生4个类；其中大学生类再派出一年级学生、二年级学生、三年级学生、四年级学生4个子类；研究生再派出硕士生和博士生两个子类，请自行设计他们的成员数量，编写完成他们之间的继承关系，测试并输出相关数据。

首先，我们需要定义一个基本的学生类`Student`，然后根据要求进行派生。以下是一个简单的例子：

// 基础学生类 Student
public abstract class Student {
    private String name;
    private int age;

    // 构造函数
    public Student(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }

    // 获取和设置名字
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    // 获取年龄
    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    // 设置年龄（注意，年龄应保持合理范围）
    public void setAge(int age) {
        if (age >= 0 && age <= 100) {
            this.age = age;
        } else {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid age");
        }
    }

    // 定义抽象方法，用于获取年级或阶段
    public abstract String getGradeOrPhase();

    // 打印基本信息
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age + ", Grade/Phase: " + getGradeOrPhase();
    }
}

// 小学生、初中生、大学生和研究生类
public class PrimaryStudent extends Student {
    public PrimaryStudent(String name, int age) {
        super(name, age);
    }

    @Override
    public String getGradeOrPhase() {
        return "Primary";
    }
}

public class JuniorHighStudent extends Student {
    public JuniorHighStudent(String name, int age) {
        super(name, age);
    }

    @Override
    public String getGradeOrPhase() {
        return "Junior High";
    }
}

public class UndergraduateStudent extends Student {
    // 不同年级的学生，比如一年级到四年级
    private int year;

    public UndergraduateStudent(String name, int age, int year) {
        super(name, age);
        this.year = year;
    }

    public int getYear() {
        return year;
    }

    public void setYear(int year) {
        if (year >= 1 && year <= 4) {
            this.year = year;
        } else {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid year for undergraduate student");
        }
    }

    @Override
    public String getGradeOrPhase() {
        return "Undergraduate - Year " + year;
    }
}

public class GraduateStudent extends Student {
    // 硕士生和博士生
    private String degree;

    public GraduateStudent(String name, int age, String degree) {
        super(name, age);
        this.degree = degree;
    }

    public String getDegree() {
        return degree;
    }

    public void setDegree(String degree) {
        if (degree.equals("Master") || degree.equals("Doctor")) {
            this.degree = degree;
        } else {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid degree");
        }
    }

    @Override
    public String getGradeOrPhase() {
        return "Graduate - " + degree;
    }
}

为了测试这些类，你可以创建一个主类进行实例化并打印它们：

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Student primary = new PrimaryStudent("Tom", 7);
        System.out.println(primary);

        JuniorHighStudent juniorHigh = new JuniorHighStudent("Jerry", 13);
        System.out.println(juniorHigh);

        UndergraduateStudent undergraduate = new UndergraduateStudent("Spike", 18, 1);
        System.out.println(undergraduate);

        GraduateStudent master = new GraduateStudent("Tyke", 25, "Master");
        System.out.println(master);
        
        GraduateStudent doctor = new GraduateStudent("Butch", 30, "Doctor");
        System.out.println(doctor);
    }
}

运行这个`Main`类会输出每个学生的详细信息。