The innodb_system data file 'ibdata1' must be writable

To resolve the issue where the InnoDB system data file 'ibdata1' must be writable, you can follow these steps:

1. Identify the ownership and permissions of the 'ibdata1' file:
- Open the terminal or command prompt.
- Navigate to the directory where the 'ibdata1' file is located.
- Execute the command `ls -l ibdata1` to view the ownership and permissions.

2. Ensure the file is owned by the correct user:
- If the ownership is incorrect, you can change it using the `chown` command. For example, if the correct user is 'mysql', run `sudo chown mysql ibdata1`.

3. Verify the file permissions:
- The correct permissions for the 'ibdata1' file should typically be 600 (read and write permissions for the owner only).
- If the permissions are incorrect, you can modify them using the `chmod` command. For example, `sudo chmod 600 ibdata1`.

4. Restart the MySQL or MariaDB service:
- After making ownership or permission changes, restart the MySQL or MariaDB service to apply the changes. Use the appropriate command for your system. For example, `sudo service mysql restart` or `sudo systemctl restart mariadb`.

By ensuring that the 'ibdata1' file is owned by the correct user and has the correct permissions, you should be able to resolve the issue.