可以改用库函数版本吗？不要用HAL库

当然可以，以下是基于标准库的VEML6040传感器读取代码示例：

#include "stdio.h"
#include "stdlib.h"
#include "string.h"
#include "stm32f4xx.h"

#define I2C_ADDRESS 0x10<<1 // I2C地址为0x10
#define VEML6040_REG_CONF 0x00 // 寄存器配置地址
#define VEML6040_REG_UVA 0x07 // UVA数据寄存器地址
#define VEML6040_REG_DYN_RANGE 0x06 // 动态范围寄存器地址

I2C_TypeDef* I2Cx = I2C1;

void I2C_Init() {
  GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStruct;
  I2C_InitTypeDef I2C_InitStruct;

  RCC_AHB1PeriphClockCmd(RCC_AHB1Periph_GPIOB, ENABLE);
  RCC_APB1PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB1Periph_I2C1, ENABLE);

  GPIO_InitStruct.GPIO_Pin = GPIO_Pin_6 | GPIO_Pin_7;
  GPIO_InitStruct.GPIO_Mode = GPIO_Mode_AF;
  GPIO_InitStruct.GPIO_Speed = GPIO_Speed_50MHz;
  GPIO_InitStruct.GPIO_OType = GPIO_OType_OD;
  GPIO_InitStruct.GPIO_PuPd = GPIO_PuPd_UP;
  GPIO_Init(GPIOB, &GPIO_InitStruct);

  GPIO_PinAFConfig(GPIOB, GPIO_PinSource6, GPIO_AF_I2C1);
  GPIO_PinAFConfig(GPIOB, GPIO_PinSource7, GPIO_AF_I2C1);

  I2C_InitStruct.I2C_Mode = I2C_Mode_I2C;
  I2C_InitStruct.I2C_DutyCycle = I2C_DutyCycle_2;
  I2C_InitStruct.I2C_OwnAddress1 = 0x00;
  I2C_InitStruct.I2C_Ack = I2C_Ack_Enable;
  I2C_InitStruct.I2C_AcknowledgedAddress = I2C_AcknowledgedAddress_7bit;
  I2C_InitStruct.I2C_ClockSpeed = 100000;
  I2C_Init(I2Cx, &I2C_InitStruct);

  I2C_Cmd(I2Cx, ENABLE);
}

// 写入字节到VEML6040寄存器
void VEML6040_WriteByte(uint8_t reg, uint8_t val) {
  while (I2C_GetFlagStatus(I2Cx, I2C_FLAG_BUSY)) {}

  I2C_GenerateSTART(I2Cx, ENABLE);
  while (!I2C_CheckEvent(I2Cx, I2C_EVENT_MASTER_MODE_SELECT)) {}

  I2C_Send7bitAddress(I2Cx, I2C_ADDRESS, I2C_Direction_Transmitter);
  while (!I2C_CheckEvent(I2Cx, I2C_EVENT_MASTER_TRANSMITTER_MODE_SELECTED)) {}

  I2C_SendData(I2Cx, reg);
  while (!I2C_CheckEvent(I2Cx, I2C_EVENT_MASTER_BYTE_TRANSMITTED)) {}

  I2C_SendData(I2Cx, val);
  while (!I2C_CheckEvent(I2Cx, I2C_EVENT_MASTER_BYTE_TRANSMITTED)) {}

  I2C_GenerateSTOP(I2Cx, ENABLE);
}

// 从VEML6040寄存器读取字节
uint8_t VEML6040_ReadByte(uint8_t reg) {
  uint8_t data;

  while (I2C_GetFlagStatus(I2Cx, I2C_FLAG_BUSY)) {}

  I2C_GenerateSTART(I2Cx, ENABLE);
  while (!I2C_CheckEvent(I2Cx, I2C_EVENT_MASTER_MODE_SELECT)) {}

  I2C_Send7bitAddress(I2Cx, I2C_ADDRESS, I2C_Direction_Transmitter);
  while (!I2C_CheckEvent(I2Cx, I2C_EVENT_MASTER_TRANSMITTER_MODE_SELECTED)) {}

  I2C_SendData(I2Cx, reg);
  while (!I2C_CheckEvent(I2Cx, I2C_EVENT_MASTER_BYTE_TRANSMITTED)) {}

  I2C_GenerateSTART(I2Cx, ENABLE);
  while (!I2C_CheckEvent(I2Cx, I2C_EVENT_MASTER_MODE_SELECT)) {}

  I2C_Send7bitAddress(I2Cx, I2C_ADDRESS, I2C_Direction_Receiver);
  while (!I2C_CheckEvent(I2Cx, I2C_EVENT_MASTER_RECEIVER_MODE_SELECTED)) {}

  while (!I2C_CheckEvent(I2Cx, I2C_EVENT_MASTER_BYTE_RECEIVED)) {}
  data = I2C_ReceiveData(I2Cx);

  I2C_GenerateSTOP(I2Cx, ENABLE);

  return data;
}

// 初始化VEML6040传感器
void VEML6040_Init() {
  VEML6040_WriteByte(VEML6040_REG_CONF, 0x00); // 将配置寄存器设置为默认值
  VEML6040_WriteByte(VEML6040_REG_DYN_RANGE, 0x00); // 将动态范围设置为默认值
}

// 读取VEML6040传感器的UVA数据
uint16_t VEML6040_ReadUVA() {
  uint8_t data[2];

  while (I2C_GetFlagStatus(I2Cx, I2C_FLAG_BUSY)) {}

  I2C_GenerateSTART(I2Cx, ENABLE);
  while (!I2C_CheckEvent(I2Cx, I2C_EVENT_MASTER_MODE_SELECT)) {}

  I2C_Send7bitAddress(I2Cx, I2C_ADDRESS, I2C_Direction_Transmitter);
  while (!I2C_CheckEvent(I2Cx, I2C_EVENT_MASTER_TRANSMITTER_MODE_SELECTED)) {}

  I2C_SendData(I2Cx, VEML6040_REG_UVA);
  while (!I2C_CheckEvent(I2Cx, I2C_EVENT_MASTER_BYTE_TRANSMITTED)) {}

  I2C_GenerateSTART(I2Cx, ENABLE);
  while (!I2C_CheckEvent(I2Cx, I2C_EVENT_MASTER_MODE_SELECT)) {}

  I2C_Send7bitAddress(I2Cx, I2C_ADDRESS, I2C_Direction_Receiver);
  while (!I2C_CheckEvent(I2Cx, I2C_EVENT_MASTER_RECEIVER_MODE_SELECTED)) {}

  while (!I2C_CheckEvent(I2Cx, I2C_EVENT_MASTER_BYTE_RECEIVED)) {}
  data[0] = I2C_ReceiveData(I2Cx);
  
  I2C_AcknowledgeConfig(I2Cx, ENABLE);
  while (!I2C_CheckEvent(I2Cx, I2C_EVENT_MASTER_BYTE_RECEIVED)) {}
  data[1] = I2C_ReceiveData(I2Cx);

  I2C_GenerateSTOP(I2Cx, ENABLE);

  return (data[1] << 8) | data[0]; // 将读取的数据转换为16位整数
}

int main(void) {
  I2C_Init(); // 初始化I2C
  VEML6040_Init(); // 初始化VEML6040传感器

  while (1) {
    uint16_t uva = VEML6040_ReadUVA(); // 读取UVA数据
    printf("UVA: %d\n", uva); // 输出UVA数据
    for (int i = 0; i < 500000; i++) {} // 延时
  }
}

在此示例中，使用标准库中的I2C_GenerateSTART()、I2C_Send7bitAddress()、I2C_SendData()、I2C_ReceiveData()和I2C_GenerateSTOP()函数来进行I2C通信。首先进行初始化，然后通过VEML6040_WriteByte()和VEML6040_ReadByte()函数操作VEML6040寄存器，最后通过VEML6040_ReadUVA()函数读取UVA数据。注意，由于使用的是标准库，因此需要手动实现一些HAL库中已经封装好的函数，如GPIO初始化和I2C初始化。