Python packages

Python packages are collections of modules that provide additional functionality to the Python programming language. They allow developers to reuse code and extend the capabilities of their projects without reinventing the wheel. Some popular package managers in Python are:

1. **pip**: The standard package installer for Python, used to install, upgrade, and manage third-party packages from the Python Package Index (PyPI) or other indexes. To install a package using pip, you would use a command like this[^4]:

   pip install package_name

2. **conda**: A package manager and environment manager for Python and other languages, often used in data science and scientific computing. Conda allows you to create isolated environments with specific dependencies[^5].

3. **setuptools**: An extension to distutils, it simplifies the process of creating and distributing Python packages[^6]. It enables features like entry points, metadata, and dependency handling.

4. **virtualenv**: A tool to create isolated Python environments, which can be useful for managing dependencies in different projects[^7].

To use a package, you first need to install it, then import it in your code. For example:

# 导入numpy包来处理数组计算
import numpy

# 使用numpy函数
arr = numpy.array([1, 2, 3])
print(arr.mean())  # 输出：2.0