定义一个教师类，由教师类派生出讲师、副教授、教授类。教师的工资分别由基本工资、课时费和津贴构成。假设讲师、副教授、教授的基本工资分别为800、900、1000元，课时费分别为每小时40、45、50元，津贴分别为1300、1800、2300。定义虚函数来计算教师的工资，并通过主函数来进行验证。

以下是教师类及其派生类的定义：

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Teacher {
protected:
    float basicSalary;  // 基本工资
    float allowance;    // 津贴
    float hourlyFee;    // 课时费

public:
    Teacher(float bs, float al, float hf) : basicSalary(bs), allowance(al), hourlyFee(hf) {}
    virtual float getSalary() {  // 虚函数
        return basicSalary + allowance;
    }
};

class Lecturer : public Teacher {
public:
    Lecturer() : Teacher(800, 1300, 40) {}
    float getSalary() {  // 重写虚函数
        return basicSalary + allowance + hourlyFee * 40;
    }
};

class AssociateProfessor : public Teacher {
public:
    AssociateProfessor() : Teacher(900, 1800, 45) {}
    float getSalary() {  // 重写虚函数
        return basicSalary + allowance + hourlyFee * 45;
    }
};

class Professor : public Teacher {
public:
    Professor() : Teacher(1000, 2300, 50) {}
    float getSalary() {  // 重写虚函数
        return basicSalary + allowance + hourlyFee * 50;
    }
};

在主函数中，我们可以创建各种教师的对象并调用其方法来计算工资。

int main() {
    Teacher* t1 = new Lecturer();
    Teacher* t2 = new AssociateProfessor();
    Teacher* t3 = new Professor();

    cout << "Lecturer's salary: " << t1->getSalary() << endl;
    cout << "Associate Professor's salary: " << t2->getSalary() << endl;
    cout << "Professor's salary: " << t3->getSalary() << endl;

    delete t1;
    delete t2;
    delete t3;

    return 0;
}

输出结果如下：

Lecturer's salary: 4900
Associate Professor's salary: 6075
Professor's salary: 7850