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The Art of Assembly Language Programming

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The Art of Assembly Language Programming Forward Why Would Anyone Learn This Stuff? 1 What's Wrong With Assembly Language 2 What's Right With Assembly Language? 3 Organization of This Text and Pedagogical Concerns 4 Obtaining Program Source Listings and Other Materials in This Text Section One: Machine Organization Art of Assembly Language: Chapter One Chapter One - Data Representation 1.0 - Chapter Overview 1.1 - Numbering Systems 1.1.1 - A Review of the Decimal System 1.1.2 - The Binary Numbering System 1.1.3 - Binary Formats 1.2 - Data Organization 1.2.1 - Bits 1.2.2 - Nibbles 1.2.3 - Bytes 1.2.4 - Words 1.2.5 - Double Words 1.3 - The Hexadecimal Numbering System 1.4 - Arithmetic Operations on Binary and Hexadecimal Numbers 1.5 - Logical Operations on Bits 1.6 - Logical Operations on Binary Numbers and Bit Strings 1.7 - Signed and Unsigned Numbers 1.8 - Sign and Zero Extension 1.9 - Shifts and Rotates 1.10 - Bit Fields and Packed Data 1.11 - The ASCII Character Set 1.12 Summary 1.13 Laboratory Exercises 1.13.1 Installing the Software 1.13.2 Data Conversion Exercises 1.13.3 Logical Operations Exercises 1.13.4 Sign and Zero Extension Exercises 1.13.5 Packed Data Exercises 1.14 Questions 1.15 Programming Projects Chapter Two - Boolean Algebra 2.0 - Chapter Overview 2.1 - Boolean Algebra 2.2 - Boolean Functions and Truth Tables 2.3 - Algebraic Manipulation of Boolean Expressions 2.4 - Canonical Forms 2.5 - Simplification of Boolean Functions 2.6 - What Does This Have To Do With Computers, Anyway? 2.6.1 - Correspondence Between Electronic Circuits and Boolean Functions 2.6.2 - Combinatorial Circuits 2.6.3 - Sequential and Clocked Logic 2.7 - Okay, What Does It Have To Do With Programming, Then? 2.8 - Generic Boolean Functions 2.9 Laboratory Exercises 2.9.1 Truth Tables and Logic Equations Exercises 2.9.2 Canonical Logic Equations Exercises 2.9.3 Optimization Exercises 2.9.4 Logic Evaluation Exercises 2.10 Programming Projects 2.11 Summary 2.12 Questions Chapter Three - System Organization 3.0 - Chapter Overview 3.1 - The Basic System Components 3.1.1 - The System Bus 3.1.1.1 - The Data Bus 3.1.1.2 - The Address Bus 3.1.1.3 - The Control Bus 3.1.2 - The Memory Subsystem 3.1.3 - The I/O Subsystem 3.2 - System Timing 3.2.1 - The System Clock 3.2.2 - Memory Access and the System Clock 3.2.3 - Wait States 3.2.4 - Cache Memory 3.3 - The 886, 8286, 8486, and 8686 "Hypothetical" Processors 3.3.1 - CPU Registers 3.3.2 - The Arithmetic & Logical Unit 3.3.3 - The Bus Interface Unit 3.3.4 - The Control Unit and Instruction Sets 3.3.5 - The x86 Instruction Set 3.3.6 - Addressing Modes on the x86 3.3.7 - Encoding x86 Instructions 3.3.8 - Step-by-Step Instruction Execution 3.3.9 - The Differences Between the x86 Processors 3.3.10 - The 886 Processor 3.3.11 - The 8286 Processor 3.3.12 - The 8486 Processor 3.3.12.1 - The 8486 Pipeline 3.3.12.2 - Stalls in a Pipeline 3.3.12.3 - Cache, the Prefetch Queue, and the 8486 3.3.12.4 - Hazards on the 8486 3.3.13 - The 8686 Processor 3.4 - I/O (Input/Output) 3.5 - Interrupts and Polled I/O 3.6 Laboratory Exercises 3.6.1 The SIMx86 Program - Some Simple x86 Programs 3.6.2 Simple I/O-Mapped Input/Output Operations 3.6.3 Memory Mapped I/O 3.6.4 DMA Exercises 3.6.5 Interrupt Driven I/O Exercises 3.6.6 Machine Language Programming & Instruction Encoding Exercises 3.6.7 Self Modifying Code Exercises 3.7 Programming Projects 3.8 Summary 3.9 Questions Chapter Four - Memory Layout and Access 4.0 - Chapter Overview 4.1 - The 80x86 CPUs:A Programmer's View 4.1.1 - 8086 General Purpose Registers 4.1.2 - 8086 Segment Registers 4.1.3 - 8086 Special Purpose Registers 4.1.4 - 80286 Registers 4.1.5 - 80386/80486 Registers 4.2 - 80x86 Physical Memory Organization 4.3 - Segments on the 80x86 4.4 - Normalized Addresses on the 80x86 4.5 - Segment Registers on the 80x86 4.6 - The 80x86 Addressing Modes 4.6.1 - 8086 Register Addressing Modes 4.6.2 - 8086 Memory Addressing Modes 4.6.2.1 - The Displacement Only Addressing Mode 4.6.2.2 - The Register Indirect Addressing Modes 4.6.2.3 - Indexed Addressing Modes 4.6.2.4 - Based Indexed Addressing Modes 4.6.2.5 - Based Indexed Plus Displacement Addressing Mode 4.6.2.6 - MASM Syntax for 8086 Memory Addressing Modes 4.6.2.7 - An Easy Way to Remember the 8086 Memory Addressing Modes 4.6.2.8 - Some Final Comments About 8086 Addressing Modes 4.6.3 - 80386 Register Addressing Modes 4.6.4 - 80386 Memory Addressing Modes 4.6.4.1 - Register Indirect Addressing Modes 4.6.4.2 - 80386 Indexed, Base/Indexed, and Base/Indexed/Disp Addressing Modes 4.6.4.3 - 80386 Scaled Indexed Addressing Modes 4.6.4.4 - Some Final Notes About the 80386 Memory Addressing Modes 4.7 - The 80x86 MOV Instruction 4.8 - Some Final Comments on the MOV Instructions 4.9 Laboratory Exercises 4.9.1 The UCR Standard Library for 80x86 Assembly Language Programmers 4.9.2 Editing Your Source Files 4.9.3 The SHELL.ASM File 4.9.4 Assembling Your Code with MASM 4.9.5 Debuggers and CodeView' 4.9.5.1 A Quick Look at CodeView 4.9.5.2 The Source Window 4.9.5.3 The Memory Window 4.9.5.4 The Register Window 4.9.5.5 The Command Window 4.9.5.6 The Output Menu Item 4.9.5.7 The CodeView Command Window 4.9.5.7.1 The Radix Command (N) 4.9.5.7.2 The Assemble Command 4.9.5.7.3 The Compare Memory Command 4.9.5.7.4 The Dump Memory Command 4.9.5.7.5 The Enter Command 4.9.5.7.6 The Fill Memory Command 4.9.5.7.7 The Move Memory Command 4.9.5.7.8 The Input Command 4.9.5.7.9 The Output Command 4.9.5.7.10 The Quit Command 4.9.5.7.11 The Register Command 4.9.5.7.12 The Unassemble Command 4.9.5.8 CodeView Function Keys 4.9.5.9 Some Comments on CodeView Addresses 4.9.5.10 A Wrap on CodeView 4.9.6 Laboratory Tasks 4.10 Programming Projects 4.11 Summary 4.12 Questions Section Two: Basic Assembly Language Chapter Five - Variables and Data Structures 5.0 - Chapter Overview 5.1 - Some Additional Instructions: LEA, LES, ADD, and MUL 5.2 - Declaring Variables in an Assembly Language Program 5.3 - Declaring and Accessing Scalar Variables 5.3.1 - Declaring and using BYTE Variables 5.3.2 - Declaring and using WORD Variables 5.3.3 - Declaring and using DWORD Variables 5.3.4 - Declaring and using FWORD, QWORD, and TBYTE Variables 5.3.5 - Declaring Floating Point Variables with REAL4, REAL8, and REAL10 5.4 - Creating Your Own Type Names with TYPEDEF 5.5 - Pointer Data Types 5.6 - Composite Data Types 5.6.1 - Arrays 5.6.1.1 - Declaring Arrays in Your Data Segment 5.6.1.2 - Accessing Elements of a Single Dimension Array 5.6.2 - Multidimensional Arrays 5.6.2.1 - Row Major Ordering 5.6.2.2 - Column Major Ordering 5.6.2.3 - Allocating Storage for Multidimensional Arrays 5.6.2.4 - Accessing Multidimensional Array Elements in Assembly Language 5.6.3 - Structures 5.6.4 - Arrays of Structures and Arrays/Structures as Structure Fields 5.6.5 - Pointers to Structures 5.7 - Sample Programs 5.7.1 - Simple Variable Declarations 5.7.2 - Using Pointer Variables 5.7.3 - Single Dimension Array Access 5.7.4 - Multidimensional Array Access 5.7.5 - Simple Structure Access 5.7.6 - Arrays of Structures 5.7.7 - Structures and Arrays as Fields of Another Structure 5.7.8 - Pointers to Structures and Arrays of Structure 5.8 Laboratory Exercises 5.9 Programming Projects 5.10 Summary 5.11 Questions Chapter Six - The 80x86 Instruction Set 6.0 - Chapter Overview 6.1 - The Processor Status Register (Flags) 6.2 - Instruction Encodings 6.3 - Data Movement Instructions 6.3.1 - The MOV Instruction 6.3.2 - The XCHG Instruction 6.3.3 - The LDS, LES, LFS, LGS, and LSS Instructions 6.3.4 - The LEA Instruction 6.3.5 - The PUSH and POP Instructions 6.3.6 - The LAHF and SAHF Instructions 6.4 - Conversions 6.4.1 - The MOVZX, MOVSX, CBW, CWD, CWDE, and CDQ Instructions 6.4.2 - The BSWAP Instruction 6.4.3 - The XLAT Instruction 6.5 - Arithmetic Instructions 6.5.1 - The Addition Instructions: ADD, ADC, INC, XADD, AAA, and DAA 6.5.1.1 - The ADD and ADC Instructions 6.5.1.2 - The INC Instruction 6.5.1.3 - The XADD Instruction 6.5.1.4 - The AAA and DAA Instructions 6.5.2 - The Subtraction Instructions: SUB, SBB, DEC, AAS, and DAS 6.5.3 - The CMP Instruction 6.5.4 - The CMPXCHG, and CMPXCHG8B Instructions 6.5.5 - The NEG Instruction 6.5.6 - The Multiplication Instructions: MUL, IMUL, and AAM 6.5.7 - The Division Instructions: DIV, IDIV, and AAD 6.6 - Logical, Shift, Rotate and Bit Instructions 6.6.1 - The Logical Instructions: AND, OR, XOR, and NOT 6.6.2 - The Shift Instructions: SHL/SAL, SHR, SAR, SHLD, and SHRD 6.6.2.1 - SHL/SAL 6.6.2.2 - SAR 6.6.2.3 - SHR 6.6.2.4 - The SHLD and SHRD Instructions 6.6.3 - The Rotate Instructions: RCL, RCR, ROL, and ROR 6.6.3.1 - RCL 6.6.3.2 - RCR 6.6.3.3 - ROL 6.6.3.4 - ROR 6.6.4 - The Bit Operations 6.6.4.1 - TEST 6.6.4.2 - The Bit Test Instructions: BT, BTS, BTR, and BTC 6.6.4.3 - Bit Scanning: BSF and BSR 6.6.5 - The "Set on Condition" Instructions 6.7 - I/O Instructions 6.8 - String Instructions 6.9 - Program Flow Control Instructions 6.9.1 - Unconditional Jumps 6.9.2 - The CALL and RET Instructions 6.9.3 - The INT, INTO, BOUND, and IRET Instructions 6.9.4 - The Conditional Jump Instructions 6.9.5 - The JCXZ/JECXZ Instructions 6.9.6 - The LOOP Instruction 6.9.7 - The LOOPE/LOOPZ Instruction 6.9.8 - The LOOPNE/LOOPNZ Instruction 6.10 - Miscellaneous Instructions 6.11 - Sample Programs 6.11.1 - Simple Arithmetic I 6.11.2 - Simple Arithmetic II 6.11.3 - Logical Operations 6.11.4 - Shift and Rotate Operations 6.11.5 - Bit Operations and SETcc Instructions 6.11.6 - String Operations 6.11.7 - Conditional Jumps 6.11.8 - CALL and INT Instructions 6.11.9 - Conditional Jumps I 6.11.10 - Conditional Jump Instructions II 6.12 Laboratory Exercises 6.12.1 The IBM/L System 6.12.2 IBM/L Exercises 6.13 Programming Projects 6.14 Summary 6.15 Questions Chapter Seven - The UCR Standard Library 7.0 - Chapter Overview 7.1 - An Introduction to the UCR Standard Library 7.1.1 - Memory Management Routines: MEMINIT, MALLOC, and FREE 7.1.2 - The Standard Input Routines: GETC, GETS, GETSM 7.1.3 - The Standard Output Routines: PUTC, PUTCR, PUTS, PUTH, PUTI, PRINT, and PRINTF 7.1.4 - Formatted Output Routines: Putisize, Putusize, Putlsize, and Putulsize 7.1.5 - Output Field Size Routines: Isize, Usize, and Lsize 7.1.6 - Conversion Routines: ATOx, and xTOA 7.1.7 - Routines that Test Characters for Set Membership 7.1.8 - Character Conversion Routines: ToUpper, ToLower 7.1.9 - Random Number Generation: Random, Randomize 7.1.10 - Constants, Macros, and other Miscellany 7.1.11 - Plus more! 7.2 - Sample Programs 7.2.1 - Stripped SHELL.ASM File 7.2.2 - Numeric I/O 7.3 Laboratory Exercises 7.3.1 Obtaining the UCR Standard Library 7.3.2 Unpacking the Standard Library 7.3.3 Using the Standard Library 7.3.4 The Standard Library Documentation Files 7.4 Programming Projects 7.5 Summary 7.6 Questions Chapter Eight - MASM: Directives & Pseudo-Opcodes 8.0 - Chapter Overview 8.1 - Assembly Language Statements 8.2 - The Location Counter 8.3 - Symbols 8.4 - Literal Constants 8.4.1 - Integer Constants 8.4.2 - String Constants 8.4.3 - Real Constants 8.4.4 - Text Constants 8.5 - Declaring Manifest Constants Using Equates 8.6 - Processor Directives 8.7 - Procedures 8.8 - Segments 8.8.1 - Segment Names 8.8.2 - Segment Loading Order 8.8.3 - Segment Operands 8.8.3.1 - The ALIGN Type 8.8.3.2 - The COMBINE Type 8.8.4 - The CLASS Type 8.8.5 - The Read-only Operand 8.8.6 - The USE16, USE32, and FLAT Options 8.8.7 - Typical Segment Definitions 8.8.8 - Why You Would Want to Control the Loading Order 8.8.9 - Segment Prefixes 8.8.10 - Controlling Segments with the ASSUME Directive 8.8.11 - Combining Segments: The GROUP Directive 8.8.12 - Why Even Bother With Segments? 8.9 - The END Directive 8.10 - Variables 8.11 - Label Types 8.11.1 - How to Give a Symbol a Particular Type 8.11.2 - Label Values 8.11.3 - Type Conflicts 8.12 - Address Expressions 8.12.1 - Symbol Types and Addressing Modes 8.12.2 - Arithmetic and Logical Operators 8.12.3 - Coercion 8.12.4 - Type Operators 8.12.5 - Operator Precedence 8.13 - Conditional Assembly 8.13.1 - IF Directive 8.13.2 - IFE directive 8.13.3 - IFDEF and IFNDEF 8.13.4 - IFB, IFNB 8.13.5 - IFIDN, IFDIF, IFIDNI, and IFDIFI 8.14 - Macros 8.14.1 - Procedural Macros 8.14.2 - Macros vs. 80x86 Procedures 8.14.3 - The LOCAL Directive 8.14.4 - The EXITM Directive 8.14.5 - Macro Parameter Expansion and Macro Operators 8.14.6 - A Sample Macro to Implement For Loops 8.14.7 - Macro Functions 8.14.8 - Predefined Macros, Macro Functions, and Symbols 8.14.9 - Macros vs. Text Equates 8.14.10 - Macros: Good and Bad News 8.15 - Repeat Operations 8.16 - The FOR and FORC Macro Operations 8.17 - The WHILE Macro Operation 8.18 - Macro Parameters 8.19 - Controlling the Listing 8.19.1 - The ECHO and %OUT Directives 8.19.2 - The TITLE Directive 8.19.3 - The SUBTTL Directive 8.19.4 - The PAGE Directive 8.19.5 - The .LIST, .NOLIST, and .XLIST Directives 8.19.6 - Other Listing Directives 8.20 - Managing Large Programs 8.20.1 - The INCLUDE Directive 8.20.2 - The PUBLIC, EXTERN, and EXTRN Directives 8.20.3 - The EXTERNDEF Directive 8.21 - Make Files 8.22 - Sample Program 8.22.1 - EX8.MAK 8.22.2 - Matrix.A 8.22.3 - EX8.ASM 8.22.4 - GETI.ASM 8.22.5 - GetArray.ASM 8.22.6 - XProduct.ASM 8.23 Laboratory Exercises 8.23.1 Near vs. Far Procedures 8.23.2 Data Alignment Exercises 8.23.3 Equate Exercise 8.23.4 IFDEF Exercise 8.23.5 Make File Exercise 8.24 Programming Projects 8.25 Summary 8.26 Questions Chapter Nine - Arithmetic and Logical Operations 9.0 - Chapter Overview 9.1 - Arithmetic Expressions 9.1.1 - Simple Assignments 9.1.2 - Simple Expressions 9.1.3 - Complex Expressions 9.1.4 - Commutative Operators 9.2 - Logical (Boolean) Expressions 9.3 - Multiprecision Operations 9.3.1 - Multiprecision Addition Operations 9.3.2 - Multiprecision Subtraction Operations 9.3.3 - Extended Precision Comparisons 9.3.4 - Extended Precision Multiplication 9.3.5 - Extended Precision Division 9.3.6 - Extended Precision NEG Operations 9.3.7 - Extended Precision AND Operations 9.3.8 - Extended Precision OR Operations 9.3.9 - Extended Precision XOR Operations 9.3.10 - Extended Precision NOT Operations 9.3.11 - Extended Precision Shift Operations 9.3.12 - Extended Precision Rotate Operations 9.4 - Operating on Different Sized Operands 9.5 - Machine and Arithmetic Idioms 9.5.1 - Multiplying Without MUL and IMUL 9.5.2 - Division Without DIV and IDIV 9.5.3 - Using AND to Compute Remainders 9.5.4 - Implementing Modulo-n Counters with AND 9.5.5 - Testing an Extended Precision Value for 0FFFF..FFh 9.5.6 - TEST Operations 9.5.7 - Testing Signs with the XOR Instruction 9.6 - Masking Operations 9.6.1 - Masking Operations with the AND Instruction 9.6.2 - Masking Operations with the OR Instruction 9.7 - Packing and Unpacking Data Types 9.8 - Tables 9.8.1 - Function Computation via Table Look Up 9.8.2 - Domain Conditioning 9.8.3 - Generating Tables 9.9 - Sample Programs 9.9.1 - Converting Arithmetic Expressions to Assembly Language 9.9.2 - Boolean Operations Example 9.9.3 - 64-bit Integer I/O 9.9.4 - Packing and Unpacking Date Data Types 9.10 Laboratory Exercises 9.10.1 Debugging Programs with CodeView 9.10.2 Debugging Strategies 9.10.2.1 Locating Infinite Loops 9.10.2.2 Incorrect Computations 9.10.2.3 Illegal Instructions/Infinite Loops Part II 9.10.3 Debug Exercise I: Using CodeView to Find Bugs in a Calculation 9.10.4 Software Delay Loop Exercises 9.11 Programming Projects 9.12 Summary 9.13 Questions Chapter 10 - Control Structures 10.0 - Chapter Overview 10.1 - Introduction to Decisions 10.2 - IF..THEN..ELSE Sequences 10.3 - CASE Statements 10.4 - State Machines and Indirect Jumps 10.5 - Spaghetti Code 10.6 - Loops 10.6.1 - While Loops 10.6.2 - Repeat..Until Loops 10.6.3 - LOOP..ENDLOOP Loops 10.6.4 - FOR Loops 10.7 - Register Usage and Loops 10.8 - Performance Improvements 10.8.1 - Moving the Termination Condition to the End of a Loop 10.8.2 - Executing the Loop Backwards 10.8.3 - Loop Invariant Computations 10.8.4 - Unraveling Loops 10.8.5 - Induction Variables 10.8.6 - Other Performance Improvements 10.9 - Nested Statements 10.10 - Timing Delay Loops 10.11 - Sample Program 10.12 Laboratory Exercises 10.12.1 The Physics of Sound 10.12.2 The Fundamentals of Music 10.12.3 The Physics of Music 10.12.4 The 8253/8254 Timer Chip 10.12.5 Programming the Timer Chip to Produce Musical Tones 10.12.6 Putting it All Together 10.12.7 Amazing Grace Exercise 10.13 Programming Projects 10.14 Summary 10.15 Questions Chapter Eleven - Procedures and Functions 11.0 - Chapter Overview 11.1 - Procedures 11.2 - Near and Far Procedures 11.2.1 - Forcing NEAR or FAR CALLs and Returns 11.2.2 - Nested Procedures 11.3 - Functions 11.4 - Saving the State of the Machine 11.5 - Parameters 11.5.1 - Pass by Value 11.5.2 - Pass by Reference 11.5.3 - Pass by Value-Returned 11.5.4 - Pass by Result 11.5.5 - Pass by Name 11.5.6 - Pass by Lazy-Evaluation 11.5.7 - Passing Parameters in Registers 11.5.8 - Passing Parameters in Global Variables 11.5.9 - Passing Parameters on the Stack 11.5.10 - Passing Parameters in the Code Stream 11.5.11 - Passing Parameters via a Parameter Block 11.6 - Function Results 11.6.1 - Returning Function Results in a Register 11.6.2 - Returning Function Results on the Stack 11.6.3 - Returning Function Results in Memory Locations 11.7 - Side Effects 11.8 - Local Variable Storage 11.9 - Recursion 11.10 - Sample Program 11.11 Laboratory Exercises 11.11.1 Ex11_1.cpp 11.11.2 Ex11_1.asm 11.11.3 EX11_1a.asm 11.12 Programming Projects 11.13 Summary 11.14 Questions Section Three: Intermediate Level Assembly Language Programming Chapter 12 - Procedures: Advanced Topics 12.0 - Chapter Overview 12.1 - Lexical Nesting, Static Links, and Displays 12.1.1 - Scope 12.1.2 - Unit Activation, Address Binding, and Variable Lifetime 12.1.3 - Static Links 12.1.4 - Accessing Non-Local Variables Using Static Links 12.1.5 - The Display 12.1.6 - The 80286 ENTER and LEAVE Instructions 12.2 - Passing Variables at Different Lex Levels as Parameters. 12.2.1 - Passing Parameters by Value in a Block Structured Language 12.2.2 - Passing Parameters by Reference, Result, and Value-Result in a Block Structured Language 12.2.3 - Passing Parameters by Name and Lazy-Evaluation in a Block Structured Language 12.3 - Passing Parameters as Parameters to Another Procedure 12.3.1 - Passing Reference Parameters to Other Procedures 12.3.2 - Passing Value-Result and Result Parameters as Parameters 12.3.3 - Passing Name Parameters to Other Procedures 12.3.4 - Passing Lazy Evaluation Parameters as Parameters 12.3.5 - Parameter Passing Summary 12.4 - Passing Procedures as Parameters 12.5 - Iterators 12.5.1 - Implementing Iterators Using In-Line Expansion 12.5.2 - Implementing Iterators with Resume Frames 12.6 - Sample Programs 12.6.1 - An Example of an Iterator 12.6.2 - Another Iterator Example 12.7 Laboratory Exercises 12.7.1 Iterator Exercise 12.7.2 The 80x86 Enter and Leave Instructions 12.7.3 Parameter Passing Exercises 12.8 Programming Projects 12.9 Summary 12.10 Questions Chapter 13 - MS-DOS, PC-BIOS, and File I/O 13.0 - Chapter Overview 13.1 - The IBM PC BIOS 13.2 - An Introduction to the BIOS' Services 13.2.1 - INT 5- Print Screen 13.2.2 - INT 10h - Video Services 13.2.3 - INT 11h - Equipment Installed 13.2.4 - INT 12h - Memory Available 13.2.5 - INT 13h - Low Level Disk Services 13.2.6 - INT 14h - Serial I/O 13.2.6.1 - AH=0: Serial Port Initialization 13.2.6.2 - AH=1: Transmit a Character to the Serial Port 13.2.6.3 - AH=2: Receive a Character from the Serial Port 13.2.6.4 - AH=3: Serial Port Status 13.2.7 - INT 15h - Miscellaneous Services 13.2.8 - INT 16h - Keyboard Services 13.2.8.1 - AH=0: Read a Key From the Keyboard 13.2.8.2 - AH=1: See if a Key is Available at the Keyboard 13.2.8.3 - AH=2: Return Keyboard Shift Key Status 13.2.9 - INT 17h - Printer Services 13.2.9.1 - AH=0: Print a Character 13.2.9.2 - AH=1: Initialize Printer 13.2.9.3 - AH=2: Return Printer Status 13.2.10 - INT 18h - Run BASIC 13.2.11 - INT 19h - Reboot Computer 13.2.12 - INT 1Ah - Real Time Clock 13.2.12.1 - AH=0: Read the Real Time Clock 13.2.12.2 - AH=1: Setting the Real Time Clock 13.3 - An Introduction to MS-DOS' 13.3.1 - MS-DOS Calling Sequence 13.3.2 - MS-DOS Character Oriented Functions 13.3.3 - MS-DOS Drive Commands 13.3.4 - MS-DOS "Obsolete" Filing Calls 13.3.5 - MS-DOS Date and Time Functions 13.3.6 - MS-DOS Memory Management Functions 13.3.6.1 - Allocate Memory 13.3.6.2 - Deallocate Memory 13.3.6.3 - Modify Memory Allocation 13.3.6.4 - Advanced Memory Management Functions 13.3.7 - MS-DOS Process Control Functions 13.3.7.1 - Terminate Program Execution 13.3.7.2 - Terminate, but Stay Resident 13.3.7.3 - Execute a Program 13.3.8 - MS-DOS "New" Filing Calls 13.3.8.1 - Open File 13.3.8.2 - Create File 13.3.8.3 - Close File 13.3.8.4 - Read From a File 13.3.8.5 - Write to a File 13.3.8.6 - Seek (Move File Pointer) 13.3.8.7 - Set Disk Transfer Address (DTA) 13.3.8.8 - Find First File 13.3.8.9 - Find Next File 13.3.8.10 - Delete File 13.3.8.11 - Rename File 13.3.8.12 - Change/Get File Attributes 13.3.8.13 - Get/Set File Date and Time 13.3.8.14 - Other DOS Calls 13.3.9 - File I/O Examples 13.3.9.1 - Example #1: A Hex Dump Utility 13.3.9.2 - Example #2: Upper Case Conversion 13.3.10 - Blocked File I/O 13.3.11 - The Program Segment Prefix (PSP) 13.3.12 - Accessing Command Line Parameters 13.3.13 - ARGC and ARGV 13.4 - UCR Standard Library File I/O Routines 13.4.1 - Fopen 13.4.2 - Fcreate 13.4.3 - Fclose 13.4.4 - Fflush 13.4.5 - Fgetc 13.4.6 - Fread 13.4.7 - Fputc 13.4.8 - Fwrite 13.4.9 - Redirecting I/O Through the StdLib File I/O Routines 13.4.10 - A File I/O Example 13.5 - Sample Program 13.6 Laboratory Exercises 13.7 Programming Projects 13.8 Summary 13.9 Questions Chapter 14 - Floating Point Arithmetic 14.0 - Chapter Overview 14.1 - The Mathematics of Floating Point Arithmetic 14.2 - IEEE Floating Point Formats 14.3 - The UCR Standard Library Floating Point Routines 14.3.1 - Load and Store Routines 14.3.2 - Integer/Floating Point Conversion 14.3.3 - Floating Point Arithmetic 14.3.4 - Float/Text Conversion and Printff 14.4 - The 80x87 Floating Point Coprocessors 14.4.1 - FPU Registers 14.4.1.1 - The FPU Data Registers 14.4.1.2 - The FPU Control Register 14.4.1.3 - The FPU Status Register 14.4.2 - FPU Data Types 14.4.3 - The FPU Instruction Set 14.4.4 - FPU Data Movement Instructions 14.4.4.1 - The FLD Instruction 14.4.4.2 - The FST and FSTP Instructions 14.4.4.3 - The FXCH Instruction 14.4.5 - Conversions 14.4.5.1 - The FILD Instruction 14.4.5.2 - The FIST and FISTP Instructions 14.4.5.3 - The FBLD and FBSTP Instructions 14.4.6 - Arithmetic Instructions 14.4.6.1 - The FADD and FADDP Instructions 14.4.6.2 - The FSUB, FSUBP, FSUBR, and FSUBRP Instructions 14.4.6.3 - The FMUL and FMULP Instructions 14.4.6.4 - The FDIV, FDIVP, FDIVR, and FDIVRP Instructions 14.4.6.5 - The FSQRT Instruction 14.4.6.6 - The FSCALE Instruction 14.4.6.7 - The FPREM and FPREM1 Instructions 14.4.6.8 - The FRNDINT Instruction 14.4.6.9 - The FXTRACT Instruction 14.4.6.10 - The FABS Instruction 14.4.6.11 - The FCHS Instruction 14.4.7 - Comparison Instructions 14.4.7.1 - The FCOM, FCOMP, and FCOMPP Instructions 14.4.7.2 - The FUCOM, FUCOMP, and FUCOMPP Instructions 14.4.7.3 - The FTST Instruction 14.4.7.4 - The FXAM Instruction 14.4.8 - Constant Instructions 14.4.9 - Transcendental Instructions 14.4.9.1 - The F2XM1 Instruction 14.4.9.2 - The FSIN, FCOS, and FSINCOS Instructions 14.4.9.3 - The FPTAN Instruction 14.4.9.4 - The FPATAN Instruction 14.4.9.5 - The FYL2X and FYL2XP1 Instructions 14.4.10 - Miscellaneous instructions 14.4.10.1 - The FINIT and FNINIT Instructions 14.4.10.2 - The FWAIT Instruction 14.4.10.3 - The FLDCW and FSTCW Instructions 14.4.10.4 - The FCLEX and FNCLEX Instructions 14.4.10.5 - The FLDENV, FSTENV, and FNSTENV Instructions 14.4.10.6 - The FSAVE, FNSAVE, and FRSTOR Instructions 14.4.10.7 - The FSTSW and FNSTSW Instructions 14.4.10.8 - The FINCSTP and FDECSTP Instructions 14.4.10.9 - The FNOP Instruction 14.4.10.10 - The FFREE Instruction 14.4.11 - Integer Operations 14.5 - Sample Program: Additional Trigonometric Functions 14.6 Laboratory Exercises 14.6.1 FPU vs StdLib Accuracy 14.7 Programming Projects 14.8 Summary 14.9 Questions Chapter 15 - Strings and Character Sets 15.0 - Chapter Overview 15.1 - The 80x86 String Instructions 15.1.1 - How the String Instructions Operate 15.1.2 - The REP/REPE/REPZ and REPNZ/REPNE Prefixes 15.1.3 - The Direction Flag 15.1.4 - The MOVS Instruction 15.1.5 - The CMPS Instruction 15.1.6 - The SCAS Instruction 15.1.7 - The STOS Instruction 15.1.8 - The LODS Instruction 15.1.9 - Building Complex String Functions from LODS and STOS 15.1.10 - Prefixes and the String Instructions 15.2 - Character Strings 15.2.1 - Types of Strings 15.2.2 - String Assignment 15.2.3 - String Comparison 15.3 - Character String Functions 15.3.1 - Substr 15.3.2 - Index 15.3.3 - Repeat 15.3.4 - Insert 15.3.5 - Delete 15.3.6 - Concatenation 15.4 - String Functions in the UCR Standard Library 15.4.1 - StrBDel, StrBDelm 15.4.2 - Strcat, Strcatl, Strcatm, Strcatml 15.4.3 - Strchr 15.4.4 - Strcmp, Strcmpl, Stricmp, Stricmpl 15.4.5 - Strcpy, Strcpyl, Strdup, Strdupl 15.4.6 - Strdel, Strdelm 15.4.7 - Strins, Strinsl, Strinsm, Strinsml 15.4.8 - Strlen 15.4.9 - Strlwr, Strlwrm, Strupr, Struprm 15.4.10 - Strrev, Strrevm 15.4.11 - Strset, Strsetm 15.4.12 - Strspan, Strspanl, Strcspan, Strcspanl 15.4.13 - Strstr, Strstrl 15.4.14 - Strtrim, Strtrimm 15.4.15 - Other String Routines in the UCR Standard Library 15.5 - The Character Set Routines in the UCR Standard Library 15.6 - Using the String Instructions on Other Data Types 15.6.1 - Multi-precision Integer Strings 15.6.2 - Dealing with Whole Arrays and Records 15.7 - Sample Programs 15.7.1 - Find.asm 15.7.2 - StrDemo.asm 15.7.3 - Fcmp.asm 15.8 Laboratory Exercises 15.8.1 MOVS Performance Exercise #1 15.8.2 MOVS Performance Exercise #2 15.8.3 Memory Performance Exercise 15.8.4 The Performance of Length-Prefixed vs. Zero-Terminated Strings 15.9 Programming Projects 15.10 Summary 15.11 Questions Chapter 16 - Pattern Matching 16.1 - An Introduction to Formal Language (Automata) Theory 16.1.1 - Machines vs. Languages 16.1.2 - Regular Languages 16.1.2.1 - Regular Expressions 16.1.2.2 - Nondeterministic Finite State Automata (NFAs) 16.1.2.3 - Converting Regular Expressions to NFAs 16.1.2.4 - Converting an NFA to Assembly Language 16.1.2.5 - Deterministic Finite State Automata (DFAs) 16.1.2.6 - Converting a DFA to Assembly Language 16.1.3 - Context Free Languages 16.1.4 - Eliminating Left Recursion and Left Factoring CFGs 16.1.5 - Converting REs to CFGs 16.1.6 - Converting CFGs to Assembly Language 16.1.7 - Some Final Comments on CFGs 16.1.8 - Beyond Context Free Languages 16.2 - The UCR Standard Library Pattern Matching Routines 16.3 - The Standard Library Pattern Matching Functions 16.3.1 - Spancset 16.3.2 - Brkcset 16.3.3 - Anycset 16.3.4 - Notanycset 16.3.5 - MatchStr 16.3.6 - MatchiStr 16.3.7 - MatchToStr 16.3.8 - MatchChar 16.3.9 - MatchToChar 16.3.10 - MatchChars 16.3.11 - MatchToPat 16.3.12 - EOS 16.3.13 - ARB 16.3.14 - ARBNUM 16.3.15 - Skip 16.3.16 - Pos 16.3.17 - RPos 16.3.18 - GotoPos 16.3.19 - RGotoPos 16.3.20 - SL_Match2 16.4 - Designing Your Own Pattern Matching Routines 16.5 - Extracting Substrings from Matched Patterns 16.6 - Semantic Rules and Actions 16.7 - Constructing Patterns for the MATCH Routine 16.8 - Some Sample Pattern Matching Applications 16.8.1 - Converting Written Numbers to Integers 16.8.2 - Processing Dates 16.8.3 - Evaluating Arithmetic Expressions 16.8.4 - A Tiny Assembler 16.8.5 - The "MADVENTURE" Game 16.9 - Laboratory Exercises 16.9.1 - Checking for Stack Overflow (Infinite Loops) 16.9.2 - Printing Diagnostic Messages from a Pattern 16.10 Programming Projects 16.11 Summary 16.12 Questions Section Four: Advanced Assembly Language Programming Chapter 17 - Interrupts, Traps, and Exceptions 17.1 - 80x86 Interrupt Structure and Interrupt Service Routines (ISRs) 17.2 - Traps 17.3 - Exceptions 17.3.1 - Divide Error Exception (INT 0) 17.3.2 - Single Step (Trace) Exception (INT 1) 17.3.3 - Breakpoint Exception (INT 3) 17.3.4 - Overflow Exception (INT 4/INTO) 17.3.5 - Bounds Exception (INT 5/BOUND) 17.3.6 - Invalid Opcode Exception (INT 6) 17.3.7 - Coprocessor Not Available (INT 7) 17.4 - Hardware Interrupts 17.4.1 - The 8259A Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) 17.4.2 - The Timer Interrupt (INT 8) 17.4.3 - The Keyboard Interrupt (INT 9) 17.4.4 - The Serial Port Interrupts (INT 0Bh and INT 0Ch) 17.4.5 - The Parallel Port Interrupts (INT 0Dh and INT 0Fh) 17.4.6 - The Diskette and Hard Drive Interrupts (INT 0Eh and INT 76h) 17.4.7 - The Real-Time Clock Interrupt (INT 70h) 17.4.8 - The FPU Interrupt (INT 75h) 17.4.9 - Nonmaskable Interrupts (INT 2) 17.4.10 - Other Interrupts 17.5 - Chaining Interrupt Service Routines 17.6 - Reentrancy Problems 17.7 - The Efficiency of an Interrupt Driven System 17.7.1 - Interrupt Driven I/O vs. Polling 17.7.2 - Interrupt Service Time 17.7.3 - Interrupt Latency 17.7.4 - Prioritized Interrupts 17.8 - Debugging ISRs 17.9 Summary Chapter 18 - Resident Programs 18.1 - DOS Memory Usage and TSRs 18.2 - Active vs. Passive TSRs 18.3 - Reentrancy 18.3.1 - Reentrancy Problems with DOS 18.3.2 - Reentrancy Problems with BIOS 18.3.3 - Reentrancy Problems with Other Code 18.4 - The Multiplex Interrupt (INT 2Fh) 18.5 - Installing a TSR 18.6 - Removing a TSR 18.7 - Other DOS Related Issues 18.8 - A Keyboard Monitor TSR 18.9 - Semiresident Programs 18.10 Summary Chapter 19 - Processes, Coroutines, and Concurrency 19.1 - DOS Processes 19.1.1 - Child Processes in DOS 19.1.1.1 - Load and Execute 19.1.1.2 - Load Program 19.1.1.3 - Loading Overlays 19.1.1.4 - Terminating a Process 19.1.1.5 - Obtaining the Child Process Return Code 19.1.2 - Exception Handling in DOS: The Break Handler 19.1.3 - Exception Handling in DOS: The Critical Error Handler 19.1.4 - Exception Handling in DOS: Traps 19.1.5 - Redirection of I/O for Child Processes 19.2 - Shared Memory 19.2.1 - Static Shared Memory 19.2.2 - Dynamic Shared Memory 19.3 - Coroutines 19.3.1 - AMAZE.ASM 19.3.2 - 32-bit Coroutines 19.4 - Multitasking 19.4.1 - Lightweight and HeavyWeight Processes 19.4.2 - The UCR Standard Library Processes Package 19.4.3 - Problems with Multitasking 19.4.4 - A Sample Program with Threads 19.5 - Synchronization 19.5.1 - Atomic Operations, Test & Set, and Busy-Waiting 19.5.2 - Semaphores 19.5.3 - The UCR Standard Library Semaphore Support 19.5.4 - Using Semaphores to Protect Critical Regions 19.5.5 - Using Semaphores for Barrier Synchronization 19.6 - Deadlock 19.7 Summary Section Five: The PC's I/O Ports Chapter 20 - The PC Keyboard 20.1 - Keyboard Basics 20.2 - The Keyboard Hardware Interface 20.3 - The Keyboard DOS Interface 20.4 - The Keyboard BIOS Interface 20.5 - The Keyboard Interrupt Service Routine 20.6 - Patching into the INT 9 Interrupt Service Routine 20.7 - Simulating Keystrokes 20.7.1 - Stuffing Characters in the Type Ahead Buffer 20.7.2 - Using the 80x86 Trace Flag to Simulate IN AL, 60H Instructions 20.7.3 - Using the 8042 Microcontroller to Simulate Keystrokes 20.8 Summary Chapter 21 - The PC Parallel Ports 21.1 - Basic Parallel Port Information 21.2 - The Parallel Port Hardware 21.3 - Controlling a Printer Through the Parallel Port 21.3.1 - Printing via DOS 21.3.2 - Printing via BIOS 21.3.3 - An INT 17h Interrupt Service Routine 21.4 - Inter-Computer Communications on the Parallel Port 21.5 Summary Chapter 22 - The PC Serial Ports 22.1 - The 8250 Serial Communications Chip 22.1.1 - The Data Register (Transmit/Receive Register) 22.1.2 - The Interrupt Enable Register (IER) 22.1.3 - The Baud Rate Divisor 22.1.4 - The Interrupt Identification Register (IIR) 22.1.5 - The Line Control Register 22.1.6 - The Modem Control Register 22.1.7 - The Line Status Register (LSR) 22.1.8 - The Modem Status Register (MSR) 22.1.9 - The Auxiliary Input Register 22.2 - The UCR Standard Library Serial Communications Support Routines 22.3 - Programming the 8250 (Examples from the Standard Library) 22.4 Summary Chapter 23 - The PC Video Display 23.1 - Memory Mapped Video 23.2 - The Video Attribute Byte 23.3 - Programming the Text Display 23.4 Summary Chapter 24 - The PC Game Adapter 24.1 - Typical Game Devices 24.2 - The Game Adapter Hardware 24.3 - Using BIOS' Game I/O Functions 24.4 - Writing Your Own Game I/O Routines 24.5 - The Standard Game Device Interface (SGDI) 24.5.1 - Application Programmer's Interface (API) 24.5.2 - Read4Sw 24.5.3 - Read4Pots: 24.5.4 - ReadPot 24.5.5 - Read4: 24.5.6 - CalibratePot 24.5.7 - TestPotCalibration 24.5.8 - ReadRaw 24.5.9 - ReadSwitch 24.5.10 - Read16Sw 24.5.11 - Remove 24.5.12 - TestPresence 24.5.13 - An SGDI Driver for the Standard Game Adapter Card 24.6 - An SGDI Driver for the CH Products' Flight Stick Pro' 24.7 - Patching Existing Games 24.8 Summary Section Six: Optimization 25.1 - When to Optimize, When Not to Optimize 25.2 - How Do You Find the Slow Code in Your Programs? 25.3 - Is Optimization Necessary? 25.4 - The Three Types of Optimization 25.5 - Improving the Implementation of an Algorithm 25.6 Summary Section Seven: Appendixes Appendix A: ASCII/IBM Character Set Appendix B: Annotated Bibliography Appendix C: Keyboard Scan Codes Appendix D: Instruction Set Reference Section D1 Section D2 Section D3 Section D4 The Art of Assembly Language Programming - 30 SEP 1996 [Randall Hyde]

"invalid use of group function" 中文意思是 "使用分组函数的方式无效"。通常来说是因为在 GROUP BY 子句之外使用了聚合函数（如 SUM、COUNT 等）而未进行分组导致的。

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