（1） OpenStack nova组件构成及其作用 （2）libvirt作用是什么？ （3）如何部署rabbitmq （4）rabbitmq的五种消息使用方法是什么？代码如何测试 （5）rabbitmq 如何与 spring boot 集成

（1）OpenStack nova是一个用于管理云计算平台上虚拟机实例的组件，主要由以下几个子组件构成：

- nova-api：提供REST API接口，用于接收和处理用户请求。
- nova-scheduler：根据用户请求，选择最适合的物理主机进行虚拟机实例的创建。
- nova-conductor：协助nova-compute进行虚拟机实例的创建和管理。
- nova-compute：在物理主机上创建和管理虚拟机实例。
- nova-network：提供虚拟机实例的网络连接和管理功能。

（2）libvirt是一个用于管理虚拟化技术的工具，它提供了一组API接口，可以让管理程序通过这些接口来管理虚拟化环境。它主要的作用有：

- 提供了一套统一的API，可以管理多种虚拟化技术。
- 可以创建、启动、停止、暂停、恢复、删除虚拟机。
- 可以管理虚拟机的磁盘、网络、内存、CPU等资源。
- 提供了一些监控和调试工具，方便管理人员进行故障排查和性能调优。

（3）部署rabbitmq的步骤如下：

1. 安装Erlang环境
2. 安装RabbitMQ服务
3. 启动RabbitMQ服务
4. 配置管理员用户和虚拟主机
5. 配置RabbitMQ的权限和策略
6. 配置集群和镜像队列

（4）RabbitMQ的五种消息使用方法及测试代码如下：

- Point-to-Point (PTP)模式

发送消息的代码：

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='hello', body='Hello World!')
print(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'")

connection.close()

接收消息的代码：

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

channel.basic_consume(queue='hello', on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')
channel.start_consuming()

- Publish/Subscribe模式

发送消息的代码：

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout')

message = 'Hello World!'
channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs', routing_key='', body=message)
print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)

connection.close()

接收消息的代码：

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout')

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)
queue_name = result.method.queue

channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs', queue=queue_name)

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] %r" % body)

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')
channel.start_consuming()

- Routing模式

发送消息的代码：

import pika
import sys

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', exchange_type='direct')

severity = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 'info'
message = ' '.join(sys.argv[2:]) or 'Hello World!'
channel.basic_publish(exchange='direct_logs', routing_key=severity, body=message)
print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (severity, message))

connection.close()

接收消息的代码：

import pika
import sys

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', exchange_type='direct')

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)
queue_name = result.method.queue

severities = sys.argv[1:]
if not severities:
    print("Usage: %s [info] [warning] [error]" % (sys.argv[0],))
    sys.exit(1)

for severity in severities:
    channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key=severity)

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body))

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')
channel.start_consuming()

- Topic模式

发送消息的代码：

import pika
import sys

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs', exchange_type='topic')

routing_key = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 2 else 'anonymous.info'
message = ' '.join(sys.argv[2:]) or 'Hello World!'
channel.basic_publish(exchange='topic_logs', routing_key=routing_key, body=message)
print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (routing_key, message))

connection.close()

接收消息的代码：

import pika
import sys

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs', exchange_type='topic')

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)
queue_name = result.method.queue

binding_keys = sys.argv[1:]
if not binding_keys:
    print("Usage: %s [binding_key]..." % (sys.argv[0],))
    sys.exit(1)

for binding_key in binding_keys:
    channel.queue_bind(exchange='topic_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key=binding_key)

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body))

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')
channel.start_consuming()

- RPC模式

客户端发送请求的代码：

import pika
import uuid

class FibonacciRpcClient(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))
        self.channel = self.connection.channel()

        result = self.channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)
        self.callback_queue = result.method.queue

        self.channel.basic_consume(queue=self.callback_queue, on_message_callback=self.on_response, auto_ack=True)

    def on_response(self, ch, method, props, body):
        if self.correlation_id == props.correlation_id:
            self.response = body

    def call(self, n):
        self.response = None
        self.correlation_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
        self.channel.basic_publish(exchange='',
                                   routing_key='rpc_queue',
                                   properties=pika.BasicProperties(
                                         reply_to=self.callback_queue,
                                         correlation_id=self.correlation_id,
                                         ),
                                   body=str(n))
        while self.response is None:
            self.connection.process_data_events()
        return int(self.response)

fibonacci_rpc = FibonacciRpcClient()

print(" [x] Requesting fib(30)")
response = fibonacci_rpc.call(30)
print(" [.] Got %r" % response)

服务端处理请求的代码：

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='rpc_queue')

def fib(n):
    if n == 0:
        return 0
    elif n == 1:
        return 1
    else:
        return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)

def on_request(ch, method, props, body):
    n = int(body)
    print(" [.] fib(%s)" % n)
    response = fib(n)
    ch.basic_publish(exchange='',
                     routing_key=props.reply_to,
                     properties=pika.BasicProperties(correlation_id = props.correlation_id),
                     body=str(response))
    ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag)

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)
channel.basic_consume(queue='rpc_queue', on_message_callback=on_request)

print(" [x] Awaiting RPC requests")
channel.start_consuming()

（5）RabbitMQ与Spring Boot集成的步骤如下：

1. 添加RabbitMQ依赖

在pom.xml文件中添加以下依赖：

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-amqp</artifactId>
</dependency>

2. 配置RabbitMQ连接

在application.properties文件中添加以下配置：

spring.rabbitmq.host=localhost
spring.rabbitmq.port=5672
spring.rabbitmq.username=guest
spring.rabbitmq.password=guest

3. 发送消息

import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.core.RabbitTemplate;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

@Component
public class Sender {
    private final RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate;

    @Autowired
    public Sender(RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate) {
        this.rabbitTemplate = rabbitTemplate;
    }

    public void send(String message) {
        rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend("hello", message);
    }
}

4. 接收消息

import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitListener;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

@Component
public class Receiver {
    @RabbitListener(queues = "hello")
    public void receive(String message) {
        System.out.println("Received: " + message);
    }
}