CPU frequency and idle states

CPU frequency refers to the speed at which the central processing unit (CPU) operates. It is typically measured in gigahertz (GHz) and determines how quickly the CPU can execute instructions. A higher frequency generally results in faster performance, but can also lead to increased power consumption and heat generation.

Idle states, on the other hand, refer to the various power-saving modes that a CPU can enter when it is not actively being used. These states reduce the CPU's frequency and voltage to conserve power and reduce heat generation. When the CPU receives a new task, it can quickly exit these idle states and return to full performance.

Modern CPUs typically have several idle states, each with varying levels of power savings and wake-up times. For example, the deepest idle state (C6) may take longer to exit but provides the most power savings, while a shallower idle state (C1) can be exited quickly but provides less power savings. The CPU will automatically enter and exit these idle states based on its workload and power management settings.