ValueError: attempted relative import beyond top-level package

This error occurs when you try to use a relative import outside of a package.

For example, let's say you have a directory structure like this:

my_package/
    __init__.py
    module1.py
    subpackage/
        __init__.py
        module2.py

If you try to use a relative import in `module2.py` to import `module1.py`, you will get the `ValueError`:

from ..module1 import some_function  # causes ValueError

This is because `module2.py` is already at the top level of the package, so there is no parent package to import from.

To fix this error, you can use an absolute import instead:

from my_package.module1 import some_function

This will work regardless of where the module is located within the package.