generally speaking, the loading address is equal to ram's physical address?

In general, the loading address of a program is not always equal to the physical address of RAM. The loading address depends on the operating system and the memory management scheme used by the system.

In some operating systems, the loading address of a program can be different from the physical address of RAM due to memory virtualization techniques. For example, in a system that uses virtual memory, the loading address of a program can be in virtual memory, which is then mapped to a physical address in RAM by the memory management unit (MMU) of the system.

In other operating systems, the loading address of a program may be directly mapped to the physical address of RAM. This is typically the case in embedded systems or real-time systems, where memory management is simpler and more deterministic.

Therefore, it is not always safe to assume that the loading address of a program is equal to the physical address of RAM. It depends on the specific system and its memory management scheme.