最优解的算法Python

针对不同的问题，最优解的算法也不同。以下是一些常见问题的最优解算法及其Python实现：

1. 排序问题：快速排序（时间复杂度O(nlogn)）

def quick_sort(arr):
    if len(arr) <= 1:
        return arr
    pivot = arr[len(arr) // 2]
    left = [x for x in arr if x < pivot]
    middle = [x for x in arr if x == pivot]
    right = [x for x in arr if x > pivot]
    return quick_sort(left) + middle + quick_sort(right)

2. 查找问题：二分查找（时间复杂度O(logn)）

def binary_search(arr, target):
    low, high = 0, len(arr) - 1
    while low <= high:
        mid = (low + high) // 2
        if arr[mid] == target:
            return mid
        elif arr[mid] < target:
            low = mid + 1
        else:
            high = mid - 1
    return -1

3. 图论问题：Dijkstra算法（时间复杂度O(ElogV)）

import heapq

def dijkstra(graph, start):
    distances = {node: float('inf') for node in graph}
    distances[start] = 0
    pq = [(0, start)]
    while pq:
        current_distance, current_node = heapq.heappop(pq)
        if current_distance > distances[current_node]:
            continue
        for neighbor, weight in graph[current_node].items():
            distance = current_distance + weight
            if distance < distances[neighbor]:
                distances[neighbor] = distance
                heapq.heappush(pq, (distance, neighbor))
    return distances

4. 动态规划问题：背包问题（时间复杂度O(nW)）

def knapsack(weights, values, capacity):
    n = len(weights)
    dp = [[0] * (capacity + 1) for _ in range(n + 1)]
    for i in range(1, n + 1):
        for j in range(1, capacity + 1):
            if weights[i - 1] > j:
                dp[i][j] = dp[i - 1][j]
            else:
                dp[i][j] = max(dp[i - 1][j], dp[i - 1][j - weights[i - 1]] + values[i - 1])
    return dp[n][capacity]