LTE-Sim：开源的LTE蜂窝系统模拟框架

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"LTE-Sim.pdf 是意大利都灵理工大学开发的一个C++开源框架，用于模拟LTE蜂窝系统。这个框架提供了一个全面的性能验证工具，针对多小区、多用户环境下的上行链路和下行链路调度策略进行仿真，考虑了用户移动性。" LTE（Long Term Evolution）是一种先进的无线通信技术，旨在提供高速、低延迟的数据服务，广泛应用于移动宽带互联网接入。随着LTE技术的发展，许多研究团队致力于优化其性能，但缺乏一个公开的、可信赖的仿真平台来评估整个系统的性能。 "LTE-Sim"是针对这一问题而诞生的开源框架，它允许科研社区自由使用，以测试和比较不同调度策略在LTE网络中的表现。这个框架的核心功能包括： 1. 多小区仿真：模拟多个相邻的LTE小区，这些小区可能相互影响，如干扰协调和资源分配。 2. 多用户支持：支持多个并发用户，每个用户都有自己的数据需求和移动模式，这有助于理解网络在复杂用户行为下的表现。 3. 上下行链路调度策略：模拟上行和下行链路的数据传输，评估不同调度算法对系统吞吐量、延迟和公平性的效果。 4. 用户移动性模型：考虑到用户在地理空间中的移动，这有助于分析移动性如何影响网络性能，如连接稳定性、切换成功率等。 5. 性能验证：通过LTE-Sim，研究人员可以精确地测量和分析系统的关键性能指标，如频谱效率、覆盖范围、能量效率等。 6. 开放源代码：作为一个开源项目，LTE-Sim允许社区成员贡献新功能、改进现有算法，以及进行错误修复，从而推动整个研究领域的进步。 7. 结果比较：由于是统一的仿真平台，不同研究团队可以基于LTE-Sim的结果进行公正的比较，提高了研究的可重复性和可信度。 8. 教育与培训：除了研究，LTE-Sim也可以作为教学工具，帮助学生理解和掌握LTE网络的工作原理和优化策略。 LTE-Sim为LTE网络的研究和优化提供了一个强大且灵活的工具，通过开源的方式促进了学术界和工业界的协作，加速了新技术的研发和应用。其详尽的特性集和用户友好的接口，使得研究人员能够深入探索和理解LTE网络的各种复杂动态。

ACCEPTED - IEEE TRANS. VEH. TECHNOL., OCT. 2010 4

TABLE I

MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE LTE-SIM

Component Functionalities Important Methods Method description

Simulator - Creates/Handles/Ends Schedule() Creates a new event and insert it into the calendar.

an event RunOneEvent() Executes an event.

Run() / Stop() Starts / ends the simulation.

FrameManager - Deﬁnes LTE frame StartFrame() and Handles the start and the end

structure StopFrame() of the LTE frame.

- Schedules frames StartSubFrame() and Handles the start and the end

and sub-frames StopSubFrame() of the LTE sub-frame.

FlowsManager - Handles applications CreateApplication() Creates an application

NetworkManager - Creates devices CreateUserEquipment() Creates an UE device

- Handles UE position CreateCell() Creates a LTE Cell

- Manages the hand over UpdateUserPosition() Updates the UE position

- Implements frequency HandOverProcedure() Handles the hand over procedure

reuse techniques RunFrequecyReuse() Implements frequency reuse techniques

A. Basic Network Topology

Both single-cell and multi-cell simulations can be run (see

Figs. 2-3).

eNB

Fig. 2. Single-cell/multi-user simulation environment.

eNB

MME/GW

Fig. 3. Multi-cell/multi-users simulation environment.

The network topology is composed by a set of cells and

network nodes (including eNBs, one or more MME/GW, and

UEs), distributed among cells. All the methods for the creation

and the management of the network topology are provided by

the NetworkManager component (see Fig. 1 for details).

A LTE cell, implemented by the Cell class, is identiﬁed by

a unique identiﬁer (ID). Its attributes are the radius and the

position deﬁned in a Cartesian system.

For each kind of LTE network node, a dedicated class

has been developed, extending the basic NetworkNode class

(i.e., ENodeB, UserEquipment, and MME-GW classes). Each

network node is identiﬁed by an unique ID and its position in

a Cartesian system is also deﬁned.

Support for several functionalities of both user and control

plane protocol stacks is provided by the ProtocolStack class,

developed as a container of RRC (Radio Resource Control),

PDCP (Packet Data Control Protocol), and MAC entities.

The eNB performs radio resource management for the

evolved radio access. Both downlink and uplink schedul-

ing strategies are deﬁned into its MAC entity. In partic-

ular, downlink and uplink schedulers are deﬁned into the

m downlikScheduler and m uplinkScheduler variables,

respectively. In Sec. V, scheduling strategies that LTE-Sim

provides are described.

As previously mentioned, for eNB and UE devices, an

instance of a PHY object, namely m phy, has been deﬁned.

PHY objects, moreover, are attached to a LTE channel, mod-

eled by the Channel class. This class manages the transmission

through the physical channel of the actual packet among the

attached physical entities, implementing also a propagation

loss model. The PHY object has been developed: for providing

an interface between the LTE device and the channel; for

storing and managing information about the radio channel

(such as bandwidth, list of available sub-channels for both

downlink and uplink); and for offering an access to the radio

channel to simulate the packet transmission and reception.

Further details about the implemented channel and physical

models are provided in Sec. V.

CQI reporting is another important feature performed by the

UE . In particular, LTE-Sim supports also the CQI reporting

feature [16], i.e., the UE estimates channel quality and converts

it in a set of CQI feedbacks reported to the eNB. Our simulator

supports both periodical and aperiodical CQI reporting and

both full band and wide band reporting modes. During the

simulation, each eNB maintains the list of UEs associated to it,

storing, for each of them, the ID and the latest CQI feedbacks.

Furthermore, eNBs and UEs are aware of the LTE cell they

belong to. In fact, each UE keeps up to date the ID of the cell

it belongs to and the ID of the eNB it is registered to.

B. Users Mobility

In order to support user mobility, a system level inter-

cell handover procedure has been implemented. Two types

of mobility models are supported: Random Direction and

Random Walk [17]. For each of them, a dedicated class has

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