快速解决MySQL应用问题：从SQL到存储引擎故障诊断指南

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《MySQL故障排除指南》是一本由Sveta Smirnova撰写的专业书籍，专为IT专业人士设计，针对MySQL数据库系统中常见的问题提供了深入的解决方案。本书源自作者在相关会议上的成功演讲，内容涵盖了SQL问题、服务器内存管理、复制问题以及特定存储引擎相关的难题。遇到应用程序运行异常，如数据错误、用户收到随机响应或服务器停止工作等情况时，这本书提供了实用且易于理解的方法来快速定位并解决问题。书中详细探讨了以下知识点： 1. SQL问题诊断：针对SQL查询的性能瓶颈、语法错误、索引优化、事务管理等方面进行了深入剖析。读者可以学习如何识别和修复SQL查询导致的问题，提高数据库操作的效率。 2. 内存和服务器问题：讲解了如何监控和调整MySQL服务器的内存使用，包括缓存管理、内存泄漏排查以及如何处理高负载下的内存不足问题。此外，书中还涵盖了服务器配置优化、日志分析等实用技巧。 3. 数据库复制：介绍了主从复制、多节点集群和分片技术的故障排查方法，帮助读者解决复制延迟、数据一致性问题，确保数据库的高可用性。 4. 特定存储引擎问题：针对InnoDB、MyISAM、Memory等不同存储引擎的特点，提供了针对各自特有问题的解决策略，如InnoDB的行级锁定和恢复机制，以及MyISAM的表锁定优化。 5. 实践案例与最佳实践：书中提供了丰富的实例和实用的故障排除步骤，让读者在实际工作中能够迅速应用所学知识。同时，作者分享了自己的经验和最佳实践，帮助读者避免常见陷阱。 6. 在线资源与持续支持：读者可以通过O'Reilly官网获取更多关于该书的在线资源，如勘误表和更新信息，以及作者和社区提供的技术支持。《MySQL故障排除指南》不仅适合数据库管理员、开发人员和系统运维人员，也对希望通过提升MySQL性能和稳定性来保障业务连续性的专业人士具有很高的参考价值。通过阅读这本书，读者将能够提升在日常运维和问题解决中的技能，确保数据库系统的高效稳定运行。

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xiv | Preface

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Acknowledgments

I want to say thank you to the people without whose help this book couldn’t happen.

For a start, this includes my editor, Andy Oram, who did a great job making my English

readable and who showed me gaps and places where I had not described information

in enough detail. He also gave me insight into how prepared my readers would be,

prompting me to add explanations for beginners and to remove trivial things known

by everyone.

I also want to thank the whole MySQL Support Team. These folks share their expertise

and support with every member of the team, and I learned a lot from them. I won’t put

names here, because I want to say “thank you” to all of the people with whom I’ve

worked since joining in 2006, even those who have left and moved to server develop-

ment or another company.

Thanks to Charles Bell, who helped me to start this book. He also did a review of the

book and suggested a lot of improvements. Charles works in the MySQL Replication

and Backup Team at Oracle and is the author of two books about MySQL. Therefore,

his suggestions, both for content and style, were very helpful.

I would also like to thank the people who reviewed the book:

• Shane Bester, my colleague from the MySQL Support Group, who reviewed the

part devoted to his Gypsy program and suggested how to improve the example.

• Alexander (Salle) Keremedarski, who reviewed the whole book and sent me a lot

of great suggestions. Salle has provided MySQL support since its very early days,

starting in the MySQL Support Team and now at SkySQL as Director of EMEA

Support. His knowledge of common user misunderstandings helped me to find

places where I explained things in too little detail, so that a troubleshooting situa-

tion could be read as a best practice when actually it is not.

Preface | xv

• Tonci Grgin, who reviewed the parts about MySQL Connectors and suggested

additions, explaining their behavior. Tonci used to work in the same group as me

and now works in the MySQL Connectors Team. He is the first person I would ask

about anything related to MySQL Connectors.

• Sinisa Milivojevic, who reviewed Chapters 3 and 4 and parts about the MyISAM

check and repairing tools. Sinisa is another reviewer who has worked in MySQL

Support since the very beginning. He was employee #2 in MySQL and still works

in the MySQL Support Team at Oracle. His huge experience is fantastic, and one

might even think he knows every little detail about the MySQL server. Sinisa gave

me insights on some of the topics I discuss and suggested short but very significant

improvements.

• Valeriy Kravchuk, who reviewed Chapters 2 and 4 and the section “InnoDB Mon-

itors” on page 192. He also works in the MySQL Support Team. Valeriy found

many deficiencies in the chapters he reviewed. His criticism forced me to improve

these chapters, although there is always room for development.

• Mark Callaghan, who runs database servers at Facebook, reviewed the whole book.

Mark suggested that I put more examples and further explanation in places that

were not clear. He also suggested examples for Chapter 4 and pointed me to places

where my suggestions can be wrong for certain installations, prompting me to

explain both situations: when the original suggestions fit and when they don’t.

Thanks to Mark, I added more details about these arguable topics.

• Alexey Kopytov also reviewed the whole book. He is the author of the SysBench

utility (which I describe in this book), worked in MySQL Development, and now

works at Percona. Alexey sent me improvements for the SysBench part.

• Dimitri (dim) Kravtchuk, Principal Benchmark Engineer at Oracle, reviewed the

whole book as well. He is also the author of the dim_STAT monitoring solution I

describe in this book, the db_STRESS database benchmarking kit, and a famous

blog where he posts articles about InnoDB performance and MySQL benchmarks.

He suggested several improvements to sections where I describe InnoDB, Perfor-

mance Schema, and hardware impacts.

Finally, thanks to my family:

• My mother, Yulia Ivanovna Ivanova, who showed me how fun engineering can be.

• My parents-in-law, Valentina Alekseevna Lasunova and Nikolay Nikolayevich

Lasunov, who always helped us when we needed it.

• And last but not least, my husband, Sergey Lasunov, who supported me in all my

initiatives.

xvi | Preface

Unfortunately, not all syntax errors are so trivial. I once worked on a trouble ticket

concerning a query like this:

SELECT id FROM t1 WHERE accessible=1;

The problem was a migration issue; the query worked fine in version 5.0 but stopped

working in version 5.1. The problem was that, in version 5.1, “accessible” is a reserved

word. We added quotes (these can be backticks or double quotes, depending on your

SQL mode), and the query started working again:

SELECT `id` FROM `t1` WHERE `accessible`=1;

The actual query looked a lot more complicated, with a large JOIN and a complex

WHERE condition. So the simple error was hard to pick out among all the distractions.

Our first task was to reduce the complex query to the simple one-line SELECT as just

shown, which is an example of a minimal test case. Once we realized that the one-liner

had the same bug as the big, original query, we quickly realized that the programmer

had simply stumbled over a reserved word.

■ The first lesson is to check your query for syntax errors as the first troubleshooting

step.

But what do you do if you don’t know the query? For example, suppose the query was

built by an application. Even more fun is in store when it’s a third-party library that

dynamically builds queries.

Let’s consider this PHP code:

$query = 'SELECT * FROM t4 WHERE f1 IN(';

for ($i = 1; $i < 101; $i ++)

$query .= "'row$i,";

$query = rtrim($query, ',');

$query .= ')';

$result = mysql_query($query);

Looking at the script, it is not easy to see where the error is. Fortunately, we can alter

the code to print the query using an output function. In the case of PHP, this can be

the echo operator. So we modify the code as follows:

…

echo $query;

//$result = mysql_query($query);

Once the program shows us the actual query it’s trying to submit, the problem jumps

right out:

$ php ex1.php

SELECT * FROM t4 WHERE f1 IN('row1,'row2,'row3,'row4,'row5,'row6,'row7,'row8,

'row9,'row10,'row11, 'row12,'row13,'row14,'row15,'row16,'row17,'row18,'row19,'row20)

If you still can’t find the error, try running this query in the MySQL command-line

client:

2 | Chapter 1: Basics

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