FUNDAMENTALS
OF
VENTING
OF
DEFLAGRATIONS
68-13
the
resulting
damage
is
acceptable
to
the
user
and
the
author
ity
having
jurisdiction.
6.4.5
*
The
owner/user
shall
be
permitted
to
install
vents
that
are
larger
in
area,
are
lower
in
density,
or
relieve
at
lower
pres
sure
than
the
minimum
requirements
determined
from
appli
cation
of
Chapter
7
or
Chapter
8,
as
appropriate.
6.5
Vent
Closure
Operation.
6.5.1
*
The
vent
opening
shall
be
free
and
clear.
6.5.2
Vent
closure
operation
shall
not
be
hindered
by
deposits
of
snow,
ice,
paint,
corrosion,
or
debris,
or
by
the
buildup
of
deposits
on
their
inside
surfaces.
6.5.2.1
*
The
materials
that
are
used
shall
be
chosen
to
mini
mize
corrosion
from
process
conditions
within
the
enclosure
and
from
ambient
conditions
on
the
nonprocess
side.
6.5.2.2
Clear
space
shall
be
maintained
on
both
sides
of
a
vent
to
enable
operation
without
restriction
and
without
impeding
a
free
flow
through
the
vent.
6.5.2.3
To
prevent
snow
and
ice
accumulation,
where
the
potential
exists,
and
to
prevent
entry
of
rainwater
and
debris,
the
vent
or
vent
duct
exit
shall
not
be
installed
in
the
horizon
tal
position,
unless
any
of
the
alternative
methods
in
6.523.1
are
followed.
6.5.2.3.1
Any
of
the
following
alternative
methods
of
protec
tion
for
horizontal
vent
or
vent
duct
exits
shall
be
permitted:
(1)
Fixed
rain
hats
where
P
red
effects
on
vent
area
are
inclu
ded
in
accordance
with
Section
8.5
and
restraint
design
includes
maximum
force
from
P
red
applied
over
the
area
(2)
Weather
covers
mounted
at
an
angle
sufficient
to
shed
snow,
with
restraints
designed
and
tested
to
prevent
the
cover
from
becoming
a
free
projectile,
where
inertia
effects
of
the
additional
weather
cover
mass
and
P
stat
of
the
cover
are
included
(3)
Deicing
provisions
such
as
a
heated
vent
closure
6.5.3
Restraining
devices
shall
not
impede
the
operation
of
the
vent
or
vent
closure
device.
(See
Chapter
10.)
6.5.4
A
vent
closure
shall
release
at
its
P
stat
or
within
a
pressure
range
specified
by
the
vent
closure
manufacturer.
6.5.5
A
vent
closure
shall
reliably
withstand
pressure
fluctua
tions
that
are
below
P
stat
.
6.5.6
A
vent
closure
shall
withstand
vibration
or
other
mechanical
forces
to
which
it
can
be
subjected.
6.5.7
*
Pstat
，
including
the
manufacturer's
negative
tolerance,
shall
be
greater
than
the
anticipated
loading
equivalent
to
the
local
design
wind
speed
such
that
wind
load
will
not
cause
the
vent
to
open.
6.5.7.1
The
area
calculation
shall
be
performed
using
the
nominal
value
of
P
stat
.
6.5.8
*
Pstg
including
the
manufacturer's
positive
tolerance,
shall
be
less
than
the
intended
P
red
.
6.5.8.1
The
area
calculation
shall
be
performed
using
the
nominal
value
of
P
stat
.
6.5.9
*
Vent
closures
shall
be
maintained
in
accordance
with
Chapter
11.
6.6
*
Consequences
of
a
Deflagration.
6.6.1
The
material
discharged
from
an
enclosure
during
the
venting
of
a
deflagration
shall
be
directed
outside
to
a
safe
location.
6.6.2
Property
damage
and
injury
to
personnel
due
to
mate
rial
ejection
during
venting
shall
be
minimized
or
avoided
by
locating
vented
equipment
outside
of
buildings
and
away
from
normally
occupied
areas.
(See
Sections
7.6
and
8.9
for
gases
and
dusts,
respectively.)
6.6.2.1
Deflagration
vents
shall
not
be
located
in
positions
closer
to
air
intakes
than
the
distances
prescribed
by
the
fire
ball
length
(see
Sections
7.6
and
8.9).
6.6.2.2
Deflagration
vents
shall
be
permitted
to
be
located
closer
to
buildings
and
normally
occupied
areas
than
the
distances
determined
by
Section
7.6
or
Section
8.9,
provided
；
a
documented
risk
assessment
acceptable
to
the
authority
having
jurisdiction
has
been
performed.
662.3
*
Where
a
deflector
is
provided
in
accordance
with
6.6.2.4
and
6.625,
it
shall
be
permitted
to
reduce
the
axial
(front-centerline)
hazard
distance
to
50
percent
of
the
value
calculated
in
7.6.1
or
8.9.2.
This
method
shall
not
be
used
to
reduce
the
radial
hazard
distance
as
defined
in
7.6.2
and
8.922
[115].
6.6.2.4
*
A
deflector
design
shall
meet
all
of
the
following
criteria:
(1)
The
deflector
for
a
rectangular
vent
shall
be
geometri
cally
similar
to
the
vent
and
sized
with
a
linear
scale
factor
of
at
least
1.75.
For
a
round
vent,
the
deflector
shall
be
square
shaped
and
at
least
1.75
times
the
vent
diameter.
(2)
The
deflector
shall
be
inclined
45
degrees
to
60
degrees
from
the
vent
axis,
as
shown
in
Figure
6.624.
(3)
The
centerline
of
the
deflector
shall
be
coincident
with
the
vent
axis.
(4)
The
distance
from
the
vent
opening
to
the
deflector
on
the
vent
axis
shall
be
1.57),
where
D
is
the
equivalent
diameter
of
the
vent.
(5)
The
deflector
plate
shall
be
mounted
so
as
to
withstand
the
force
exerted
by
the
vented
explosion,
calculated
as
P
red
times
the
deflector
area.
(6)
The
deflector
location
shall
not
interfere
with
the
opera
tion
of
hinged
vent
closures.
6.6.2.5
*
A
deflector
to
limit
flame
length
shall
not
be
used
as
follows:
(1)
For
enclosure
volume
greater
than
20
m
3
(706
ft
3
)
(2)
With
a
tethered
or
translating
vent
closure
6.6.3
Warning
signs
shall
be
posted
to
indicate
the
location
of
a
ven
匚
6.7
Effects
of
Vent
Inertia.
6.7.1
*
Counterweights
and
insulation
added
to
panels
shall
be
included
in
the
total
mass.
6.7.2
*
A
vent
closure
shall
have
low
mass
to
minimize
inertia,
thereby
reducing
opening
time.
Shaded
text
=
Revisions.
△
=
Text
deletions
and
figure/table
revisions.
•
=
Section
deletions.
N
=
New
material.
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