C++标准程序库详解：函数查询与开发指南
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C++标准程序库
C++标准程序库是C++开发中使用的所有库函数的集合，为开发者提供了方便的查询和使用体验。该库函数涵盖了C++语言的各个方面，对于开发者来说是一份非常重要的参考资源。
在C++标准程序库中，开发者可以找到各种库函数，包括输入/输出流、字符串处理、容器、算法、迭代器、数值计算、时间日期处理、locale处理、异常处理、内存管理等等。这些库函数都是C++语言的标准组成部分，任何C++开发者都应该了解和掌握这些库函数。
C++标准程序库的使用可以大大提高开发者的开发效率和代码质量。例如，在字符串处理方面，C++标准程序库提供了string类，开发者可以使用该类来进行字符串的操作和处理。在容器方面，C++标准程序库提供了vector、list、map等容器类，开发者可以使用这些容器类来存储和管理数据。在算法方面，C++标准程序库提供了sort、search、copy等算法，开发者可以使用这些算法来对数据进行排序、搜索和复制。
此外，C++标准程序库还提供了许多其他的库函数，例如输入/输出流、数值计算、时间日期处理、locale处理、异常处理、内存管理等等。这些库函数可以帮助开发者更好地处理各种开发问题，提高开发效率和代码质量。
在C++标准程序库中，开发者还可以找到许多有用的参考资源，例如 Nicolai M. Josuttis 的《The C++ Standard Library: A Tutorial and Reference》一书，该书提供了C++标准程序库的详细说明和示例代码。
C++标准程序库是C++开发中不可或缺的一部分，对于任何C++开发者来说都是非常重要的参考资源。
The C++ Standard Library
dyne-book
15
Templates are functions or classes that are written for one or more types not yet specified. When
you use a template, you pass the types as arguments, explicitly or implicitly. The following is a
typical example — a function that returns the maximum of two values:
template <class T>
inline const T& max (const T& a, const T& b)
{
// if a <b then use b else use a
return a < b ? b : a;
}
Here, the first line defines T as an arbitrary data type that is specified by the caller when the caller
calls the function. You can use any identifier as a parameter name, but using T is very common, if
not a de facto convention. The type is classified by class, although it does not have to be a
class. You can use any data type as long as it provides the operations that the template uses.
[3]
[3]
class was used here to avoid the introduction of a new keyword when templates were introduced.
However, now there is a new keyword, typename, that you can also use here (see page 11).
Following the same principle, you can "parameterize" classes on arbitrary types. This is useful for
container classes. You can implement the container operations for an arbitrary element type. The
C++ standard library provides many template container classes (for example, see Chapter 6 or
Chapter 10). It also uses template classes for many other reasons. For example, the string
classes are parameterized on the type of the characters and the properties of the character set
(see Chapter 11).
A template is not compiled once to generate code usable for any type; instead, it is compiled for
each type or combination of types for which it is used. This leads to an important problem in the
handling of templates in practice: You must have the implementation of a template function
available when you call it, so that you can compile the function for your specific type. Therefore,
the only portable way of using templates at the moment is to implement them in header files by
using inline functions.
[4]
[4]
To avoid the problem of templates having to be present in header files, the standard introduced a
template compilation model with the keyword export. However, I have not seen it implemented yet.
The full functionality of the C++ standard library requires not only the support of templates in
general, but also many new standardized template features, including those discussed in the
following paragraphs.
Nontype Template Parameters
In addition to type parameters, it is also possible to use nontype parameters. A nontype
parameter is then considered as part of the type. For example, for the standard class bitset<>
(class bitset<> is introduced in Section 10.4,) you can pass the number of bits as the
template argument. The following statements define two bitfields, one with 32 bits and one with
50 bits:
bitset<32> fIags32; // bitset with 32 bits
bitset<50> flags50; // bitset with 50 bits
These bitsets have different types because they use different template arguments. Thus, you
can't assign or compare them (except if a corresponding type conversion is provided).
Default Template Parameters
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