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Ref CCI LC PUG v2

Issue Page Date

2.0 16 2017-04-10

This document is the property of the LAND_COVER_CCI partnership, no part of it shall be reproduced or

transmitted without the express prior written authorization of UCL-Geomatics (Belgium).

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Scope

The Product User Guide (PUG) is the reference product description, which describes data format,

filenames, metadata and thematic content with the aim to familiarize users with the products.

The 1

phase of the Climate Change Initiative (CCI) generated a suite of products consisting of 3

consistent global Land Cover (LC) products corresponding to the 1998-2002, 2003-2007 and 2008-

2012 periods, climatological 7-day time series representing seasonal dynamics of the land surface,

Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) Surface Reflectance (SR) time series which

served as input for generating the global land cover maps. In addition, a global Water Body (WB)

product was derived from the Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) archives. These

products were described in a PUG [RD.6].

The 2

phase of project, started in March 2014, led to a set of new and improved products: SR time

series of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and PROBA-V, global annual and

consistent LC maps from 1992 to 2015 and new versions of the global map of open water bodies and

of the user tool.

This PUGv2 describes the available land cover products at the end of the second year of the CCI-LC

project Phase II.

1.2 Background of the project

The European Space Agency (ESA) CCI projects will deliver the next generation of satellite derived

geophysical parameters, with quantified uncertainties that will allow each parameter to be assessed

against requirements from the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) for Essential Climate

Variables (ECV) and the Climate Modelling Community (CMC), represented within the CCI program

by the Climate Modelling User Group (CMUG).

The objective of the CCI is to realize the full potential of the long-term global Earth Observation (EO)

archives that ESA together with its Member states have established over the last thirty years, as a

significant and timely contribution to the ECV databases required by United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The programme is organized in 2 phases.

The CCI Phase I provided a unique opportunity for the European EO science community to define

and validate innovative approaches for continuously generating and updating a comprehensive and

consistent set of ECV global satellite based data products in the long term – i.e. decades hence. The

focus was on a major sustained, and coordinated scientific effort to review and improve underlying

processing, retrieval and validation methods.

Ref CCI LC PUG v2

Issue Page Date

2.0 17 2017-04-10

This document is the property of the LAND_COVER_CCI partnership, no part of it shall be reproduced or

transmitted without the express prior written authorization of UCL-Geomatics (Belgium).

The CCI Phase II focuses on the generation of long-term, consistent, global data records for each

ECV, exploiting the full range of available data sets from ESA and relevant European missions with

the aim to issue extended and improved globally consistent ECV data sets from all CCI projects. Each

project must make significant, further progress towards meeting the GCOS and related user

requirements, exceeding the achievements of the Phase I CCI projects with quantifiable validated

measure of performance.

This means the prototype ECV production systems implemented in CCI Phase I must be developed to

a sustainable level, based on complete requirements specified and thoroughly validated by the

competent science communities during Phase I [AD.3]. These system requirements must be updated

to take account of the availability of new and upcoming missions (e.g. Landsat-8, Sentinels and

PROBA-V) and evolution to meet industry level standards for operations, maintenance, evolution and

configuration control. Phase II projects should follow an iterative life-cycle, of concurrent

development and operations. Project activities must continue to be driven by climate science,

traceable to documented user needs and CCI projects must engage the relevant science communities,

working side-by-side with industry and data centers in Europe.

1.3 Structure of the document

After this introduction, the document is divided into 7 sections that are shortly described below:

• Section 2 briefly presents the CCI Land Cover (CCI-LC) project;

• Sections 3 to 6 describe the various products: land cover maps, land surface seasonality

product, open water body product and surface reflectance time series;

• Section 7 presents the various tools that can be used to visualize and aggregate the products;

• Section 8 explains how to access the CCI-LC products and give their terms of use.

This document contains various appendices (sections 9 to 12) with additional detailed information.

Ref CCI LC PUG v2

Issue Page Date

2.0 18 2017-04-10

This document is the property of the LAND_COVER_CCI partnership, no part of it shall be reproduced or

transmitted without the express prior written authorization of UCL-Geomatics (Belgium).

2 CCI LAND COVER PROJECT

2.1 Revisited land cover concept

Considering the importance of land cover as an input in climate modelling, the development of a new

global LC database was initiated during the 1

phase of the project. The specifications of this new

database relied on an in-depth user requirement analysis conducted during the 6 first months of the

Phase I project [RD.1].

This analysis revealed first the need to consider LC data under 2 aspects: stable in the form of land

cover map and dynamic in the form of time series. In addition, the LC products should provide

flexibility to serve different scales and purposes in terms of spatial and temporal resolutions. Their

quality should also be transparent by using quality flags and controls.

From a remote sensing point of view, these requirements – and the first one in particular – led in

rethinking the whole LC concept into LC state and LS seasonality components [RD.2]. The LC state

concept refers to the set of LC features remaining stable over time which define the LC independently

of any sources of temporary or natural variability. It is agreed that the LC state is well described using

the United Nations (UN) Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) [RD.8], which is also quite

compatible with the Plant Function Types (PFT) concept of many models [RD.1]. The LS seasonality

concept relates directly to the temporary or natural variability of LC features that can induce some

variation in land surface over time without changing the LC in its essence. This LS seasonality is

typically driven by biogeophysical processes. It encompasses different observable variables such as

the green vegetation phenology, snow coverage, open water presence, and burned areas occurrence,

etc.

Furthermore, the need to generate successive LC state products consistent over time resulted in the

development of a new original classification approach. Most often, LC maps were generated from few

instantaneous observations of the land cover state. As a result, classification outputs are sensitive to

the date(s) of observation and can reflect temporary conditions (e.g. map savannahs as burnt scars,

boreal forest as snow, croplands as bare soils, etc.). The developed alternative consisted in describing

the LC state from multi-year observation dataset. In this case, assuming that no LC change – even

temporary – has occurred over this multi-year period, the LC is expected to be mapped in a consistent

way over time. This approach was successfully implemented in the 1

phase and continued in the 2

phase.

2.2 Users’ requirements

At the beginning of the 2

phase of the project, a new user survey was conducted among the climate

modelling partners of the CCI-LC project to analyze the fulfilment of the requirements defined in

Ref CCI LC PUG v2

Issue Page Date

2.0 19 2017-04-10

This document is the property of the LAND_COVER_CCI partnership, no part of it shall be reproduced or

transmitted without the express prior written authorization of UCL-Geomatics (Belgium).

Phase I and to identify target requirements for future LC products. The comprehensive user survey

results of Phase I were reanalysed (excepted future modelling requirements) and consolidated through

synthesizing new user needs from the scientific community from initiatives such as Terrabytes and

International Space Science Institute (ISSI) special group, from Coupled Model Intercomparison

Project (CMIP) 6 process and from the outcomes of the fifth assessment report of the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The GCOS process has started to specify new

ambitions for ECVs to meet the needs of the climate mitigation community – this also posed new

requirements for the CCI-LC project. This activity is documented in details in [AD.4].

It resulted in a series of new requirements, which were organized into higher or lower priority

categories:

1) Higher priority

a. Better description of LC characteristics in the context of PFT model requirements. As

a follow-up of the Phase I work, the new requirement is to formulate LC – PFT

conversion tables separately for different climatic regions. These regions are to be

defined by the climate modeller users of the consortium, with PFT fractions per

region identified using the land cover validation dataset.

b. In particular, the percentage ranges for LC – PFT conversion in the case of mixed

classes, for example the class ‘mosaic tree and shrub (>50%) / herbaceous (<50%)’,

should be better defined in order to provide the proportion (%) of tree, shrub, and

herbaceous.

c. Longer temporal extent for LC maps (30 years and more) including datasets for the

1990’s and the 1980’s.

d. Higher temporal resolution: annual time steps in LC change.

e. More specific information of land cover/use change is required, at least in the context

of the IPCC land categories (forests, agriculture, grassland, settlement, wetland, other

land).

f. Additional attributes of the LC classes are required including vegetation height,

minimum and maximum Leaf Area Index (LAI), clumping index and the distinction

between C3 and C4 plants.

g. Move to 30 m (or better) scale LC and change assessments, at least for selected

regions.

h. Provide the full time series for the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)

LS seasonality.

i. Provide additional LS seasonality such as water and surface albedo for vegetation and

soil LC classes.

j. Provide an improved water body product with at least a distinction inland

water/ocean included.

Ref CCI LC PUG v2

Issue Page Date

2.0 20 2017-04-10

This document is the property of the LAND_COVER_CCI partnership, no part of it shall be reproduced or

transmitted without the express prior written authorization of UCL-Geomatics (Belgium).

2) Lower priority

a. Seek options for including land management (forestry, agriculture, livestock) with

land cover datasets.

b. Provide additional relevant attributes of LC classes such as aboveground tree

biomass, vegetation density, and permafrost fraction.

c. Improve the description of the results and products. Besides the detailed technical

reports, short technical summaries highlighting important points should be provided.

d. Provide additional LS seasonality such as the FaPAR.

The requirements and their fulfillments are summarized in Figure 2-1.

Threshold

requirement

Phase I

Target

requirement

Phase I

Threshold

requirement

Phase II

Target

requirement

Phase II

Coverage and sampling

Geographic

Coverage

Global

Global with

regional and local

specific products

Global with regional

specific

products

Global with

regional specific

products

Temporal

sampling

Best/stable map

and regular

updates

Monthly data on

vegetation

dynamics and

change

5-10 year epoch maps

with monthly vegetation

dynamics(NDVI)

1-year epoch maps.

Monthly data on

vegetation

dynamics (NDVI)

Temporal

extent

1-2 years, most

recent

1990 (or earlier)-

present

1990 (or earlier) -

present

1980 (or earlier) -

present

Resolution

Horizontal

Resolution

1000 m

30 m

300 m with regional

30 m products

30 m

Vertical

Resolution

– –

Error/Uncertainty

Precision

Thematic land

cover detail

sufficient to meet

current modelling

user needs

Thematic land

cover detail

sufficient to meet

future model needs

Thematic land

cover detail (incl.

conversion tables to

PFT for climatic

regions)

sufficient to meet

current and future

model needs, incl. key

land IPCC changes

Thematic land

cover detail (incl.

conversion tables to

PFT for climatic

regions) and traits)

sufficient to meet

current and future

model needs, incl.

land changes and

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