IEEE 1057-2007标准：数字化波形记录器

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"IEEE 1057-2007 是一份由电气和电子工程师协会（IEEE）发布的标准，主要用于数字化波形记录器。这份标准是2007年版，是对1994年版IEEE 1057的修订，由IEEE仪表与测量学会的波形生成、测量和分析委员会（TC-10）赞助制定，并得到了美国国家标准协会（ANSI）的认可。该标准主要涉及波形分析领域的技术规范和测试方法，旨在确保数字化波形记录设备的性能和一致性。" IEEE 1057-2007标准详细定义了数字化波形记录器的相关术语和技术要求，包括但不限于以下几个关键知识点： 1. **波形记录器的定义**：标准首先明确了波形记录器的基本概念，它是一种能够捕捉、存储和再现模拟信号波形的设备，常用于科学研究、工程分析以及故障诊断等领域。 2. **术语和定义**：标准提供了一套统一的术语体系，涵盖了波形记录、采样、量化、编码等过程中的专业词汇，有助于不同厂商和用户之间的沟通。 3. **性能指标**：标准定义了一系列衡量波形记录器性能的关键参数，如采样率、分辨率、动态范围、频率响应、失真度、噪声水平等，这些都是评估设备质量的重要依据。 4. **测试方法**：为了确保设备符合标准，规定了详细的测试流程和方法，包括信号输入、数据采集、信号处理和输出等环节的测试步骤，以及如何计算和报告测试结果。 5. **兼容性和互操作性**：标准可能涉及设备间的接口和通信协议，以保证不同设备间的数据交换和协作能力。 6. **误差分析**：对记录器在采样过程中可能出现的量化误差、时间基误差、线性误差等进行分析，提供误差评估和校正的指导。 7. **应用指南**：标准可能包含应用指南，帮助用户理解如何根据设备的性能规格选择合适的记录器，以及如何正确使用和维护设备。 8. **安全性与合规性**：标准还可能涵盖设备的安全要求，确保其符合行业标准和法规，比如电磁兼容性（EMC）、电气安全和辐射防护等。通过遵循IEEE 1057-2007标准，数字化波形记录器的设计者和制造商可以确保其产品具有可靠的质量和一致的性能，而用户则可以根据标准来评估和选择最适合他们需求的设备。此外，这个标准也有助于推动行业的技术进步和标准化，促进不同设备之间的互操作性和兼容性。

IEEE Std 1057-2007

IEEE Standard for Digitizing Waveform Recorders

3.1.20 data window: A set of coefficients by which corresponding samples in the data record are

multiplied to more accurately estimate certain properties of the signal, particularly frequency domain

properties. Generally, the coefficient values increase smoothly and symmetrically towards a maximum at

the center of the record.

3.1.21 dc coupled: A recorder whose input circuitry passes dc.

3.1.22 decibels full scale (dBFS): The root-mean-square (rms) amplitude of any signal in decibels relative

to a sinewave that spans the entire input range of the recorder.

3.1.23 differential input impedance: For a differential-input waveform recorder, the impedance between

the positive input and the negative input with grounds and shields terminated as specified.

3.1.24 differential input recorder: A waveform recorder with differential inputs, which produces output

codes that are a function of the difference between two input signals. The two input signals are typically

called positive (or plus) and negative (or minus).

3.1.25 differential nonlinearity (DNL): The difference between a specified code bin width and the

average code bin width, divided by the average code bin width.

3.1.26 discrete Fourier transform (DFT): A mathematical operation that converts sampled data from the

time domain to the frequency domain. Contrast: inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT).

3.1.27 distortion: Aberrations in the output of the waveform recorder caused by nonlinearities other than

quantization. Distortion effects appear as harmonics and intermodulation products of the input signal

frequencies in the frequency domain of the output signal.

3.1.28 dynamic range: See: effective number of bits (ENOB), ratio of signal to noise and distortion

(SINAD), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and spurious free dynamic range.

NOTE% The term dynamic range has a number of meanings depending on the application. It is not used by itself in

this standard.

3.1.29 effective number of bits (ENOB): For an input sinewave of specified frequency and amplitude, the

number of bits of an ideal waveform recorder for which the root-mean-square (rms) quantization error is

equal to the rms noise and distortion of the waveform recorder under test.

3.1.30 equivalent-time sampling: A process by which consecutive samples of a repetitive waveform are

acquired and assembled from multiple repetitions of the waveform, to produce a record of samples

representing a single repetition of the waveform sampled at a higher rate.

3.1.31 fixed error in sample time: A nonrandom error in the instant of sampling. A fixed error in sample

time can be fixed with respect to the data samples acquired or correlated with an event that is detected by

the sampling process. Unless otherwise specified, the term is usually taken to mean the maximum

systematic fixed error that can be observed.

3.1.32 frequency response: The complex gain (magnitude and phase) as a function of input frequency, or

the Fourier transform of the impulse response.

3.1.33 full-scale [input] range (FSR): The difference between the maximum and the minimum recordable

input values as specified by the manufacturer exclusive of quantization limitations.

3.1.34 full-scale signal: A signal that spans the entire manufacturer&s specified amplitude range of the

instrument.

3.1.35 gain and offset:(A) (independently based). The values by which the transition levels are multiplied

and then to which the transition levels are added, respectively, to minimize the mean squared deviation

from the ideal transition levels. (B) (terminal-based). The values by which the transition levels are

multiplied and then to which the transition levels are added, respectively, to cause the deviations from the

ideal transition levels to be zero at the terminal points, that is, at the first and last code transitions.

3.1.36 gain error: (A) (dynamic). The difference between the dynamic gain, G(f), of the waveform

recorder at a given frequency and its gain at a specified reference frequency divided by its gain at the

reference frequency. (B) (static) The difference between the actual gain and the nominal gain.

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IEEE Std 1057-2007

IEEE Standard for Digitizing Waveform Recorders

3.1.37 gain flatness: Variation of gain over a specified frequency range, usually expressed in decibels.

3.1.38 harmonic distortion: For a pure sinewave input, output components at frequencies that are an

integer multiple of the applied sinewave frequency.

3.1.39 hysteresis: The maximum systematic difference in values for a digitizer code transition level when

the transition level is approached from either side of the transition with a specified limit on the slew rate of

the input signal.

3.1.40 ideal code bin width(Q): The full-scale input range divided by the total number of code bins.

3.1.41 input impedance: The impedance between a signal input terminal and a specified reference

terminal.

3.1.42 integral nonlinearity (INL): The maximum systematic difference between the ideal and actual

code transition levels after correcting for gain and offset.

3.1.43 intermodulation distortion (IMD): When there is an input signal with multiple frequencies at the

input to the recorder, the generation of distortion signals at the sum and difference frequencies of the inputs

due to nonlinearities in the waveform recorder response.

3.1.44 inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT): A mathematical operation that converts sampled data

from the frequency domain to the time domain. Contrast: discrete Fourier transform (DFT).

3.1.45 k

code transition level T[k]: The input value corresponding to the transition between codes k$1

and k.

NOTE%See Figure 1.

3.1.46 large signal: A signal whose peak-to-peak amplitude (including noise) is as large as can be

practically recorded by the instrument within, but not including, the maximum and minimum amplitude

data codes. As a minimum, the signal shall span at least $1 dBFS (~ 89%) of the waveform recorder range.

3.1.47 least significant bit (LSB): One integer count in the digitized output of the waveform recorder. (If

the recorder outputs data in a floating point format, e.g., input units, the data can be converted to LSBs

using the manufacturer&s instructions.) The nominal value associated with an LSB is the ideal code bin

width, Q.

NOTE%See Figure 1.

3.1.48 linear time invariant (LTI) system: A system in which the output can be computed from the

following convolution integral:

(2) –ã dthxty

)()()(

where

x(t) is the input signal as a function of time

y(t) is the output signal as a function of time

h(t) is the impulse response of the system or the inverse Fourier transform of the complex

frequency response of the system. The impulse response is not a function of the

amplitude of the input x(t) (linearity); nor is it a function of the time at which the input

occurs (time invariance).

NOTE%See Oppenheim and Willsky [B35] for more information on LTI systems.

3.1.49 long-term settling error: The absolute difference between the final value specified for short-term

transition settling duration, and the value 1 s after the beginning of the step, expressed as a percentage of

the step amplitude.

3.1.50 long-term time base stability: The change in time base frequency (usually given in parts in 10

)

over a specified period of time at a specified sampling rate.

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IEEE Std 1057-2007

IEEE Standard for Digitizing Waveform Recorders

3.1.51 maximum static error: The maximum difference between any code transition level and its ideal

value.

3.1.52 mod(x, m): A function that gives the remainder when x is divided by m, e.g., mod(8.1, 2.5) = 0.6.

The sign of the result is the same as the sign of m.

3.1.53 monotonic recorder: A recorder that has output codes that do not systematically decrease

(increase) for a uniformly increasing (decreasing) input signal.

3.1.54 noise: Any deviation between the output signal (converted to input units) and the input signal

except deviations caused by linear time invariant system response (gain and phase shift), a dc level shift,

total harmonic distortion (THD), or an error in the sample rate.

NOTE%Noise has historically been an ambiguous term. In this standard, noise is defined as indicated above.

3.1.55 noise and distortion (NAD): The sum of the effects of noise and total harmonic distortion (THD).

3.1.56 noise floor: Maximum power level over a given frequency band in the frequency domain of

components that are not due to the applied signal, harmonics, or spurious signals. The level could be

absolute (expressed in decibels with respect to a milliwatt per unit of bandwidth) or relative to the

waveform recorder input full scale (expressed in decibels with respect to full scale per unit of bandwidth).

3.1.57 noise power ratio (NPR): The ratio of the average out-of-notch to the average in-notch power

spectral density magnitudes for the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spectrum of the waveform recorder

output sample set measured using a notch-filtered broadband white-noise generator as the input to the

waveform recorder under test.

3.1.58 noncoherent sampling: Sampling of a periodic waveform where there is no integer number of

cycles in the data.

3.1.59 normalized noise power gain (NNPG): Sum of squares of the values of a data window function

divided by the number of samples.

3.1.60 normalized signal-to-noise (SNR1Hz): Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) normalized to a reference

bandwidth of 1 Hz. Syn: noise spectral density.

3.1.61 normal-mode signal (or differential signal): The difference between the signal at the positive

input and the negative input of a differential input waveform recorder

3.1.62 Nyquist frequency: Frequency equal to one-half the sampling frequency.

3.1.63 offset: See: gain and offset.

3.1.64 out of range (overvoltage): Any voltage whose magnitude is less than the maximum safe input

voltage of the recorder but greater than the full-scale value for the selected range.

3.1.65 overshoot: The maximum amount by which the step response is above the high state for a positive-

going transition or is below the low state for a negative-going transition, specified as a percentage of

(recorded) pulse amplitude.

NOTE%See IEEE Std 181-2003

for more information on low and high states.

3.1.66 Parseval relationship: The relationship where the sum (or integral) of the square of a function is

equal to the sum (or integral) of the square of its Fourier transform.

3.1.67 passband: The band of input signal frequencies that the waveform recorder is intended to digitize

with nominally constant gain.

3.1.68 phase nonlinearity: The deviation in phase response from a perfectly linear-phase response as a

function of frequency.

Information on references can be found in Clause 2.

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IEEE Std 1057-2007

IEEE Standard for Digitizing Waveform Recorders

3.1.69 precursor: Any deviations from the low state for a positive-going transition or from the high state

for a negative-going transition prior to the step transition.

NOTE%See IEEE Std 181-2003 for more information on low and high states.

3.1.70 probability density function (pdf): For a continuous random variable, the function f

(x), which

has the interpretation that f

(x)dx is the probability that the random variable, X, lies in the interval (x,

x+ dx).

3.1.71 quantization: A process in which the continuous range of values of an input signal is divided into

subranges, and to each subrange a discrete value of the output is uniquely assigned. In the ideal case, these

subranges are nonoverlapping and equal in size. Whenever the signal value falls within a given subrange,

the ideal output has the corresponding discrete value.

3.1.72 quantization error: The error caused by conversion of a variable having a continuous range of

values to a quantized form having only discrete values, as in analog-to-digital conversion. The error is the

difference between the original (analog) value and its quantized (digital) representation translated into input

units.

3.1.73 quantization noise: Equivalent noise produced during the quantization of a continuous range

variable. A quantization process of step size Q produces a root-mean-square (rms) quantization noise of

when the continuous variable range is much larger than Q.

3.1.74 random noise: A nondeterministic fluctuation in the output of a waveform recorder, usually

described by its frequency spectrum and its amplitude statistical properties.

3.1.75 ratio of signal to noise and distortion (SINAD): For a pure sinewave input of specified amplitude

and frequency, the ratio of root-mean-square (rms) signal to rms noise and distortion (NAD).

3.1.76 record of data: A sequential collection of samples acquired by the waveform recorder.

3.1.77 relatively prime: A descriptor of two integers when their greatest common divisor is 1.

3.1.78 residuals: For least squares curve fitting of data to a mathematically defined function, the

differences between the recorded data and the fitted function. The mathematically defined function is often

a sinewave.

3.1.79 reverse coupling: The ratio of the spurious signal generated by a signal at some other input to the

recorder and the signal recorded at the specified input of the recorder.

3.1.80 root-mean-square (rms): For a given set of data, the square root of the arithmetic mean of the

squared values of each of the data.

3.1.81 sampling: The process of extracting values at discrete time instants from a continuous input signal.

3.1.82 short-term settling error: The maximum absolute difference between the waveform and the final

value at all times between a specified time measured from the 50% reference level instant of the waveform

and the end of the data record expressed as a percentage of step amplitude. The final value is defined to

occur 1 s (unless otherwise specified) after the beginning of the step.

3.1.83 short-term timing instability: See: aperture uncertainty.

3.1.84 short-term transition settling duration: Measured from the 50% reference level of the output, the

time at which the step response enters and subsequently remains within a specified error band around the

final value. The final value is defined to occur at 1 s after the beginning of the step unless otherwise

specified.

3.1.85 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR): The ratio of a signal to the noise where noise is any deviation between

the output signal (converted to input units) and the input signal except deviations caused by linear time

invariant system response (gain and phase shift), a dc level shift, total harmonic distortion (THD), or an

error in the sample rate.

3.1.86 sinewave histogram: A histogram where each bin contains the total number of occurrences of each

digitized level of an input sinewave signal.

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IEEE Std 1057-2007

IEEE Standard for Digitizing Waveform Recorders

3.1.87 single-ended recorder: A recorder that measures the voltage difference between a single input

connection and ground.

3.1.88 slew rate limit: The value of rate of change of output codes (referenced to the input) for which an

increased amplitude input step causes no change.

3.1.89 spectral leakage: Spectral lines adjacent to the input line produced by the discrete Fourier

transform (DFT) when the input is a pure sinewave whose frequency does not satisfy the coherent sampling

condition and thus is not at the center of a DFT frequency bin.

3.1.90 spurious components: Persistent sinewaves at any frequencies other than the input or harmonic

frequencies.

3.1.91 spurious free dynamic range: The frequency domain difference in decibels between the full-scale

signal level and the largest spurious component (including harmonics) for a large, pure sinewave signal

input.

3.1.92 step response: The recorded output response for an ideal input step with designated low state and

high state.

NOTE%See IEEE Std 181-2003 for more information on low and high states.

3.1.93 timing jitter: See: aperture uncertainty.

3.1.94 timing phase noise: See: aperture uncertainty.

3.1.95 total harmonic distortion (THD): The scaled square root of the sum of squares of a specified set

of harmonic distortion components including their aliases for a pure sinewave input of specified amplitude

and frequency.

3.1.96 transition duration of the step response: The duration between the instants corresponding to two

reference levels. Unless otherwise specified, the two reference levels are the 10% and 90% reference levels.

3.1.97 transition level: The input value that causes 50% of the output codes to be greater than or equal to

the upper code of the transition, and 50% to be less than the upper code of the transition.

3.1.98 transition settling duration: The time at which the step response enters and subsequently remains

within a specified error band around the final value, measured from the 50% point of the response.

3.1.99 trigger delay: The elapsed time from the occurrence of a trigger pulse at the trigger input

connector, to the time at which the first or a specified data sample is recorded.

3.1.100 trigger jitter: The standard deviation in the trigger delay time over multiple records.

3.1.101 trigger minimum rate of change: The slowest rate of change of the transition duration of a pulse

of a specified level that will consistently trigger the recorder.

3.1.102 trigger signal coupling: The ratio of the spurious signal level (that is recorded by an input to the

recorder) to the trigger signal level.

3.1.103 waveform: A manifestation or representation (e.g., graph, plot, oscilloscope presentation, discrete

time series, equations, table of coordinates or statistical data) or a visualization of a signal.

3.1.104 waveform epoch: An interval to which consideration of a waveform is restricted for a particular

calculation, procedure, or discussion. Except when otherwise specified, the waveform epoch is assumed to

be the span over which the waveform is measured or defined.

3.1.105 window: See: data window.

3.2 Symbols and acronyms

Below are the acronyms used in this standard and the symbols that are used in more than one subclause in

this standard. Other symbols are declared and defined locally as needed.

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