GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)英文手册

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"GCC英文手册" GCC（GNU Compiler Collection）是GNU项目的一部分，由Richard M. Stallman和GCC开发者社区共同创建。这个手册详细介绍了如何使用GCC，它涵盖了版本4.4.0的相关信息。GCC是一个广泛使用的开源编译器集合，支持多种编程语言，包括C、C++、Objective-C、Fortran、Ada和Go等。手册由GNUPress出版，并可在www.gnupress.org网站上找到相关信息。 GCC的主要功能包括： 1. **源代码编译**：GCC可以将源代码转换为机器可执行的二进制文件。它支持多种语言，允许开发者选择最适合其项目的编程工具。 2. **优化**：GCC提供了多个级别的代码优化选项，从基本的常量折叠到复杂的循环展开和并行化，以提高程序的运行效率。 3. **跨平台支持**：GCC可以在多种操作系统和硬件平台上运行，包括Linux、Windows、Mac OS X以及各种嵌入式系统。 4. **诊断和错误处理**：GCC在编译过程中会检查语法错误和潜在问题，提供详细的错误和警告信息，帮助开发者调试代码。 5. **标准兼容性**：GCC致力于遵循各种编程语言的标准，如C99、C++11等，确保编译出的代码符合相应标准。 6. **扩展和自定义**：GCC允许用户通过插件和编译器选项进行扩展，满足特定需求或实现特定的编译策略。手册内容可能涵盖以下部分： - **安装和配置**：如何下载、安装和配置GCC，包括依赖库和工具链的设置。 - **命令行选项**：详细列出可用的编译选项，如`-std`用于指定语言标准，`-O`用于优化级别，`-Wall`显示所有警告等。 - **预处理器**：介绍预处理器的工作原理，如宏定义、条件编译等。 - **链接器**：解释如何将编译后的对象文件链接成可执行程序，以及链接器的选项。 - **调试信息**：如何生成和使用调试信息，与GDB（GNU调试器）配合使用。 - **多语言支持**：对每种支持的语言特性进行解释，如C++的模板、异常处理，Ada的并发性等。 - **性能分析**：如何利用GCC的内置工具分析代码性能，如`gcov`用于代码覆盖率，`gprof`用于函数调用分析。 - **错误和警告**：常见错误和警告的解释，以及如何解决它们。 - **移植性指南**：如何确保代码在不同平台上的一致性。 - **GNU Free Documentation License**：手册的版权信息，允许自由复制、分发和修改，但需遵守GPL许可证条款。 GCC作为开源社区的核心组件之一，其英文手册是学习和理解编译器工作原理，以及深入优化代码的重要参考资料。开发者可以通过阅读手册来提升自己的编程技能，了解更高级的编译器特性和技巧。

Chapter 2: Language Standards Supported by GCC 5

2 Language Standards Supported by GCC

For each language compiled by GCC for which there is a standard, GCC attempts to follow

one or more versions of that standard, possibly with some exceptions, and possibly with

some extensions.

2.1 C language

GCC supports three versions of the C standard, although support for the most recent version

is not yet complete.

The original ANSI C standard (X3.159-1989) was ratiﬁed in 1989 and published in 1990.

This standard was ratiﬁed as an ISO standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990) later in 1990. There

were no te chnical diﬀerences between these publications, although the sections of the ANSI

standard were renumbered and became clauses in the ISO standard. This standard, in

both its forms, is commonly known as C89, or occasionally as C90, from the dates of

ratiﬁcation. The ANSI standard, but not the ISO standard, also came with a Rationale

document. To select this standard in GCC, use one of the options ‘-ansi’, ‘-std=c89’ or

‘-std=iso9899:1990’; to obtain all the diagnostics required by the standard, you should

also specify ‘-pedantic’ (or ‘-pedantic-errors’ if you want them to be errors rather than

warnings). See Section 3.4 [Options C ontrolling C Dialect], page 27.

Errors in the 1990 ISO C standard were corrected in two Technical Corrigenda published

in 1994 and 1996. GCC does not support the uncorrected version.

An amendment to the 1990 standard was published in 1995. This amendment added

digraphs and __STDC_VERSION__ to the language, but otherwise concerned the library. This

amendment is commonly known as AMD1; the amended standard is sometimes known as

C94 or C95. To select this standard in GCC, use the option ‘-std=iso9899:199409’ (with,

as for other standard versions, ‘-pedantic’ to rec eive all required diagnostics).

A new edition of the ISO C standard was published in 1999 as ISO/IEC 9899:1999, and

is commonly known as C99. GCC has incomplete support for this standard version; see

http://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-4.4/c99status.html for details. To se lect this standard, use

‘-std=c99’ or ‘-std=iso9899:1999’. (While in development, drafts of this standard version

were referred to as C9X.)

Errors in the 1999 ISO C standard were corrected in three Technical Corrigenda published

in 2001, 2004 and 2007. GCC does not support the uncorrected version.

By default, GCC provides some extensions to the C language that on rare o cc asions con-

ﬂict with the C standard. See Chapter 5 [Extensions to the C Language Family], page 259.

Use of the ‘-std’ options listed above will disable these extensions where they conﬂict with

the C standard version selected. You may also selec t an extended version of the C language

explicitly with ‘-std=gnu89’ (for C89 with GNU extensions) or ‘-std=gnu99’ (for C99 with

GNU extensions). The default, if no C language dialect options are given, is ‘-std=gnu89’;

this will change to ‘-std=gnu99’ in some future release when the C99 support is complete.

Some features that are part of the C99 standard are acc epted as extensions in C89 mode.

The ISO C standard deﬁnes (in clause 4) two classes of conforming implementation. A

conforming hosted implementation supports the whole standard including all the library fa-

cilities; a conforming freestanding implementation is only required to provide certain library

facilities: those in <float.h>, <limits.h>, <stdarg.h>, and <stddef.h>; since AMD1,

6 Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)

also those in <iso646.h>; and in C99, also those in <stdbool.h> and <stdint.h>. In ad-

dition, complex types, added in C99, are not required for freestanding implementations. The

standard also deﬁnes two environments for programs, a freestanding environment, required

of all implementations and which may not have library facilities beyond those required of

freestanding implementations, where the handling of program startup and termination are

implementation-deﬁned, and a hosted environment, which is not required, in which all the

library facilities are provided and startup is through a function int main (void) or int

main (int, char *[]). An OS kernel would be a freestanding environment; a program

using the facilities of an operating sys tem would normally be in a hosted implementation.

GCC aims towards being usable as a conforming freestanding implementation, or as the

compiler for a conforming hosted implementation. By default, it will act as the compiler for a

hosted implementation, deﬁning __STDC_HOSTED__ as 1 and presuming that when the names

of ISO C functions are used, they have the se mantics deﬁned in the standard. To make it act

as a conforming freestanding implementation for a freestanding environment, use the option

‘-ffreestanding’; it will then deﬁne __STDC_HOSTED__ to 0 and not make assumptions

about the meanings of function names from the standard library, with exceptions noted

below. To build an OS kernel, you may well still need to make your own arrangements for

linking and startup. See Section 3.4 [Options Controlling C Dialect], page 27.

GCC does not provide the library facilities required only of hosted implementations, nor

yet all the facilities required by C99 of freestanding implementations; to use the facilities

of a hosted environment, you will need to ﬁnd them elsewhere (for example, in the GNU C

library). See Section 10.6 [Standard Libraries], page 564.

Most of the compiler support routines used by GCC are present in ‘libgcc’, but there

are a few exceptions. GCC requires the freestanding environment provide memcpy, memmove,

memset and memcmp. Finally, if __builtin_trap is use d, and the target does not implement

the trap pattern, then GCC will e mit a call to abort.

For references to Technical Corrigenda, Rationale documents and information concerning

the history of C that is available online, se e http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html

2.2 C++ language

GCC supports the ISO C++ standard (1998) and contains experimental support for the

upcoming ISO C++ standard (200x).

The original ISO C++ standard was published as the ISO standard (ISO/IEC 14882:1998)

and amended by a Technical Corrigenda published in 2003 (ISO/IEC 14882:2003). These

standards are referred to as C++98 and C++03, respectively. GCC implements the m ajority

of C++98 (export is a notable e xception) and most of the changes in C++03. To select this

standard in GCC, use one of the options ‘-ansi’ or ‘-std=c++98’; to obtain all the diagnos-

tics required by the standard, you should also specify ‘-pedantic’ (or ‘-pedantic-errors’

if you want them to be errors rather than warnings).

The ISO C++ committee is working on a new ISO C++ standard, dubbed C++0x,

that is intended to be published by 2009. C++0x contains several changes to the

C++ language, some of which have been implemented in an experimental C++0x

mode in GCC. The C++0x mode in GCC tracks the draft working paper for the

C++0x standard; the latest working paper is available on the ISO C++ commit-

tee’s web site at http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/. For information

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