使用ASP.NET构建可演进的Web API

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"Designing Evolvable Web APIs with ASP.NET (2014.3) 是一本由 Glenn Block、Pablo Cibraro、Pedro Felix、Howard Dierking 和 Darrel Miller 合著的书籍，专注于讲解如何使用 ASP.NET 构建可演进的Web API设计。本书探讨了在开发Web API时考虑的重要原则和最佳实践，以确保API能够随着需求变化而灵活扩展，同时保持向后兼容性。" 该书的核心知识点包括但不限于： 1. **Web API 设计原则**：书中深入讨论了设计高效、简洁且易于理解的API接口的原则，如RESTful架构风格，以及如何利用HTTP协议的优势来实现状态转移。 2. **版本控制**：在API演进过程中，版本控制是必不可少的。作者可能详细介绍了如何优雅地添加新功能而不破坏现有客户端，包括使用URL、媒体类型或超媒体链接来管理API的不同版本。 3. **契约与契约测试**：书中可能会讲解如何定义明确的API契约，并通过契约测试确保服务提供者和消费者之间的约定得到遵守。 4. **错误处理**：良好的错误处理策略可以提升API的可用性和可维护性。作者可能会讨论如何使用适当的HTTP状态码、自定义错误消息以及错误模式来提供反馈。 5. **安全性**：涵盖如何使用OAuth、JWT等安全机制保护Web API，以及如何防止常见攻击，如XSS、CSRF等。 6. **缓存策略**：有效利用缓存可以提高API性能。书中可能讨论了HTTP缓存头的使用、服务器端缓存和分布式缓存解决方案。 7. **超媒体作为应用状态的引擎（HATEOAS）**：HATEOAS是RESTful架构的关键组成部分，它让客户端通过链接动态发现资源。作者可能详细解释了如何在API中实现HATEOAS以增加其自我描述性和灵活性。 8. **可扩展性与性能优化**：可能涉及负载均衡、分页、批量操作、流式传输等技术，以确保API在高并发场景下依然表现良好。 9. **持续集成与部署**：书中可能会讨论如何构建自动化测试、持续集成流程和蓝绿部署策略，以支持快速迭代和稳定的发布。 10. **监控与日志记录**：强调了对API性能和健康状况进行监控的重要性，以及如何收集和分析日志数据来识别潜在问题。 "Designing Evolvable Web APIs with ASP.NET"为开发者提供了全面的指导，帮助他们创建健壮、灵活且易于维护的Web API，以适应不断变化的业务需求和技术环境。

a much broader application model for interacting with and manipulating data in general.

For example, in addition to the classic GET and POST methods, it defines methods such

as PUT, DELETE, and PATCH that allow for programmatic manipulation of and interaction

with resources.

This is where web APIs come in: they enable web servers to expose the full HTTP

application model, allowing programmatic access to resources so that clients can in‐

teract with and manipulate data in a uniform manner across a wide variety of scenarios.

There are two key drivers for the shift toward web APIs: HTML5 and mobile applica‐

tions. Both leverage the computational powers of the client platform to provide engaging

and fluid experiences while retrieving and manipulating data through backend web

APIs. In short, web servers are changing from serving only static HTML to also pro‐

viding web APIs that allow clients to interact programmatically using the full power of

the HTTP application model. How to actually build such web APIs is where this book

comes in. In short, it is for anyone who is building web APIs targeting HTML5 appli‐

cations as well as mobile applications. It provides not only a great introduction to web

APIs but also a practical set of guidelines for how to build them using ASP.NET Web

API. In addition, it goes into great detail describing how ASP.NET Web API works and

also serves as a reference for how it can be extended via HTTP message handlers, for‐

matters, and more.

But the book goes beyond just showing the code or explaining the framework. It also

introduces you to powerful techniques such as test-driven development (TDD) and

behavior-driven development (BDD) for writing applications that can be tested and

verified to function as expected.

What makes this book stand out, however, is that it doesn’t just provide a “point in time”

set of guidelines for how to build a web API. It takes you on a journey through how to

design a web API that can evolve with changing demands and constraints. This idea of

addressing evolvability goes to the very heart of how the Web works.

Building web APIs that can function effectively in this environment is not a straight‐

forward proposition. One thing that is clear is the importance of accepting from day

one that any web API will have to change, and that no one is in control of all parts at

any given time. In other words, you can’t just design a new version of your system and

scrap the old one without losing existing users or causing friction—you have to move

the system forward bit by bit while at the same time allowing both older clients to

continue to function and newer clients to take advantage of the new features.

However, building software that is flexible and able to evolve remains a challenge. This

book provides a great overview of how to build modern web applications that can change

and evolve as demands do. It does so by mixing web APIs with hypermedia, which is a

new and exciting direction for web applications.

xiv | Foreword

The notion of hypermedia is both new and old. We are all used to browsing web pages,

looking for information and diving into an aspect by clicking a link that takes us to a

new page with more information and yet more links. As the information changes or

evolves, new links can get added or existing ones modified to reflect that. The new links

can prompt you to explore new information and dive into additional areas.

When you start merging web APIs with hypermedia, you get a powerful model for

enabling applications to change and adapt in a similar way, how they interact with the

server. Instead of having a fixed flow of actions baked into clients, they can now modify

their actions based on the links made available in order to evolve—in short, they are

able to adapt to change.

What makes this book relevant is that it provides a comprehensive overview of the state-

of-the-art methods for designing web APIs that can adapt to the changing demands of

providers and consumers. By introducing concepts such as hypermedia-driven web

APIs with TDD, it provides an excellent starting point for anybody building web APIs.

As part of the team that built ASP.NET Web API, I have had the pleasure to work with

the authors of this book. The group stands out, not just because of their collective ex‐

perience in building frameworks, but also thanks to their vast real-world experience in

building practical systems based on HTTP concepts. They have all provided many val‐

uable inputs and suggestions that have contributed to ASP.NET Web API becoming a

popular framework for building modern web applications.

In particular, I have enjoyed working with Glenn Block, who joined the project early

on and really drove the emphasis on community engagement as well as the importance

of dependency injection, TDD, and hypermedia. Without his contributions, ASP.NET

Web API would not be where it is today.

If you are building or thinking about building web APIs, you will enjoy this book not

only as a learning tool but also as a practical guide for how to build modern web appli‐

cations based on ASP.NET Web API. It offers a wealth of information and guidelines

for how to design with evolvability in mind by looking at complex issues in new and

innovative ways. I, for one, am looking forward to seeing how this will evolve in the

future!

—Henrick Frystyk Nielsen

Foreword | xv

These are the kinds of questions that you can design around. At first glance you might

think this sounds like Big Design Up Front or a waterfall approach, but that is not at all

the case. This is not about designing the entire system before it is built; it is not a recipe

for analysis paralysis. There are definitely decisions that you must make up front, but

they are higher level and relate to the overall design. They do not require you to un‐

derstand or predict every aspect of the system. Rather, these decisions lay a foundation

that can evolve in an iterative fashion. As you then build the system out, there are various

approaches you can take that build on top of that foundation in order to continually

reinforce your goal.

This is a book of application more than theory. Our desire is for you to walk away with

the tools to be able to build a real, evolvable system. To get you there, we’ll start by

covering some essentials of the Web and web API development. Then we’ll take you

through the creation of a new API using ASP.NET Web API, from its design through

implementation. The implementation will cover important topics like how to imple‐

ment hypermedia with ASP.NET Web API and how to perform content negotiation.

We’ll show you how to actually evolve it once it is deployed. We’ll also show how you

can incorporate established practices like acceptance testing and test-driven develop‐

ment and techniques such as inversion of control to achieve a more maintainable code

base. Finally, we’ll take you through the internals of Web API to give you a deep un‐

derstanding that will help you better leverage it for building evolvable systems.

What Do You Need to Know to Follow Along?

To get the most out of this book in its entirety, you should be a developer who is expe‐

rienced with developing C# applications with .NET version 3.5 or greater. You should

ideally also have some experience building web APIs. Which framework you have used

to develop those APIs is not important; what is important is having familiarity with the

concepts. It is not necessary to have any prior experience with ASP.NET Web API or

ASP.NET, though familiarity with ASP.NET MVC will definitely help.

If you are not a .NET developer, then there is something here for you. One specific goal

in authoring this book was for a significant portion of the content to be centered on API

design and development in general and not tied to ASP.NET Web API. For that reason,

we think you’ll find that regardless of your development stack (Java, Ruby, PHP, Node,

etc.), much of the content in the first two sections of the book will be valuable to you in

learning API development.

xviii | Preface

剩余535页未读，继续阅读

俞庆平

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