视频与DSP技术：从传输到芯片处理的复杂之旅

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《Digital Video and DSP-2008》是一本由Keith Jack所著的专业书籍，属于Newnes Instant Access系列的一部分，专注于数字视频和数字信号处理领域的最新技术和应用。本书深入探讨了视频信号传输中的复杂性，尽管存在各种变体和实现技术，但其核心目标是确保视觉信息在不同设备之间的高效、准确传递。在数字化的时代，视频信号来源广泛，包括VCR、DVD播放器、电视广播、有线电视、卫星系统、互联网、手机、MP3播放器以及众多其他设备。无论是从卫星机顶盒到电视，还是芯片间的内部传输，视频信息的处理都需要满足多种标准和需求，因此需要采用不同的方法和协议来保证质量。书中可能涵盖了以下知识点： 1. **数字视频基础**：介绍视频信号的数字化过程，包括采样、量化和编码，以及不同视频格式（如JPEG、H.264等）的工作原理和适用场景。 2. **信号处理技术**：阐述数字信号处理器（DSP）在视频信号处理中的关键作用，包括滤波、压缩、解码、同步和纠错等功能。 3. **帧率与分辨率**：讨论不同帧率（如PAL、NTSC）和分辨率（如720p、1080i）对视频质量和带宽需求的影响。 4. **传输标准与协议**：讲解MPEG、HDMI、USB、DVI等常见视频传输标准，以及它们在实际应用中的优缺点。 5. **硬件平台**：介绍FPGA（现场可编程门阵列）在数字视频和DSP应用中的作用，以及如何利用这些硬件加速视频处理任务。 6. **实时性和效率**：关注如何在有限的资源下实现高效的视频处理，包括硬件优化、算法选择和并行计算技术。 7. **多媒体集成**：探讨数字视频与其它多媒体元素（如音频、图像）的协同工作，以及在多媒体系统设计中的集成策略。 8. **版权与知识产权**：由于书籍中提到了版权问题，这部分可能包含关于数字视频和信号处理内容的知识产权保护措施和法律考量。《Digital Video and DSP-2008》为读者提供了深入理解数字视频技术及其在DSP领域中的应用所需的知识和工具，无论对于工程师、研究人员还是希望提升相关技能的专业人士来说，都是一本极具价值的参考资料。

Chapter 1 Video Overview

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the number by 3/4 for a 4:3 display, or by 9/16 for a 16:9 display). (Of course,

this results in a lower value for widescreen (16:9) displays, which goes against

intuition.)

Standard-Deﬁ nition

Standard-definition video is usually defined as having 480 or 576 interlaced

active scan lines, and is commonly called “ 480i ” and “ 576i, ” respectively.

For a fixed-pixel (non-CRT) consumer display with a 4:3 aspect ratio,

this translates into an active resolution of 720  480i or 720  576i. For

a 16:9 aspect ratio, this translates into an active resolution of 960  480i or

960  576i.

Enhanced-Deﬁ nition

Enhanced-definition video is usually defined as having 480 or 576 progressive

active scan lines, and is commonly called “ 480p ” and “ 576p, ” respectively.

For a fixed-pixel (non-CRT) consumer display with a 4:3 aspect ratio,

this translates into an active resolution of 720  480 p or 720  576 p. For

a 16:9 aspect ratio, this translates into an active resolution of 960  480 p or

960  576 p.

The difference between standard and enhanced definition is that standard-

definition is interlaced, while enhanced-definition is progressive.

High-Deﬁ nition

High-definition video is usually defined as having 720 progressive (720 p) or

1080 interlaced (1080i) active scan lines. For a fixed-pixel (non-CRT) con-

sumer display with a 16:9 aspect ratio, this translates into an active resolution

of 1280  720 p or 1920  1080i, respectively.

However, HDTV displays are technically defined as being capable of dis-

playing a minimum of 720 p or 1080i active scan lines. They also must be

capable of displaying 16:9 content using a minimum of 540 progressive (540 p)

or 810 interlaced (810i) active scan lines. This enables the manufacturing of

CRT-based HDTVs with a 4:3 aspect ratio and LCD/plasma 16:9 aspect ratio

displays with resolutions of 1024  1024 p, 1280  768 p, 1024  768 p, and

so on, lowering costs.

VIDEO AND AUDIO COMPRESSION

The recent advances in consumer electronics, such as digital television, DVD

players and recorders, digital video recorders, and so on, were made possible

due to audio and video compression based largely on MPEG-2 video with

Dolby® Digital, DTS®, MPEG-1, or MPEG-2 audio.

Digital Video and DSP: Instant Access

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MPEG-2 expanded on the original MPEG-1 video and audio compression

to cover a much wider range of applications. The primary application targeted

during the definition process was all-digital transmission of broadcast-quality

video at bit-rates of 4 to 9 Mbps. However, MPEG-2 is useful for many other

applications, such as HDTV, and now supports bit-rates of 1.5 to 60 Mbps.

MPEG-2 is an ISO standard that consists of eleven parts. As with MPEG-1,

the compressed bitstreams implicitly define the decompression algorithms.

The compression algorithms are up to the individual manufacturers, within the

scope of the international standard.

Today, in addition to the legacy DV, MPEG-1, and MPEG-2 audio and

video compression standards, there are three new high-performance video

compression standards, which offer much higher video compression for a

given level of video quality:

● MPEG-4.2 This video codec typically offers a 1.5 to 2 times improve-

ment in compression ratio over MPEG-2. However, this standard has

never achieved widespread acceptance due to its complexity. Many simply

decided to wait for the new MPEG-4.10 (H.264) video codec to become

available.

● MPEG-4.10 (H.264) This video codec typically offers a two to three times

improvement in compression ratio over MPEG-2. Additional improvements

in compression ratios and quality are expected as the encoder become bet-

ter and use more of the available tools that H.264 offers. H.264 is opti-

mized for implementing on low-cost single-chip solutions and has already

been adopted by the DVB and ARIB.

● SMPTE 421 M (VC-1) A competitor to MPEG-4.10 (H.264), this video

codec also typically offers a two to three times improvement in compres-

sion ratios over MPEG-2. Again, additional improvements in compression

ratios and quality are expected as the encoders become better.

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