Tomcat权威指南(第二版)：深入解析与应用

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"Tomcat权威指南(第二版)" 是一本由Jason Brittain与Ian F. Darwin合著的专业书籍，主要针对Apache Tomcat服务器进行深入解析。本书由O'Reilly Media, Inc.于2008年出版，是第一版的升级更新，提供了关于Tomcat的最新信息和技术。 Tomcat是一款广泛使用的开源Java Servlet容器，它实现了JavaServer Pages (JSP) 和Servlet的相关规范。在第二版中，作者们详细讲解了Tomcat的安装、配置、管理以及性能优化等方面的知识，帮助读者深入理解Tomcat的工作原理和最佳实践。书中内容可能包括以下几个关键知识点： 1. **Tomcat基础**：介绍Tomcat的基本结构，如目录布局、运行机制，以及如何启动和停止服务器。 2. **安装与配置**：详述在不同操作系统上的安装步骤，配置文件的解析，以及如何定制Tomcat以满足特定需求。 3. **安全管理**：讨论如何设置用户访问控制，实现SSL加密，以及防止常见的安全威胁。 4. **部署应用**：讲解如何部署Web应用程序，包括WAR文件的使用和目录结构的理解。 5. **性能优化**：探讨如何调整Tomcat的性能，如线程池配置、内存管理和日志设置，以提升服务器响应速度和处理能力。 6. **故障排查**：提供诊断和解决常见问题的方法，包括日志分析和性能监控工具的使用。 7. **集群与负载均衡**：介绍如何设置Tomcat集群，实现负载均衡，以提高服务的可用性和可扩展性。 8. **最新版本特性**：介绍自第一版以来Tomcat的新特性和改进，可能包括对新版本Java的支持，以及新的API和功能。 9. **社区与资源**：引导读者了解Tomcat的开发者社区，提供有用的在线资源和工具，以便于进一步学习和求助。 10. **实战案例**：可能包含实际项目中的应用示例，帮助读者将理论知识应用于实践。通过阅读这本书，读者可以掌握从初学者到高级管理员所需的全部Tomcat知识，无论是运维人员还是开发人员，都能从中获益，提升自己在Java Web应用部署和管理方面的技能。

Preface

Jason Brittain’s Acknowledgments

A big thanks to my wife Carmina, for taking care of the little ones while I wrote, over

the course of more than two years. Thanks, Cutie, for all the help you gave me while

I wrote this edition of the book, and for being inspirational to me, and now to our

children. I love you very much, and I always will!

Thanks to James Duncan Davidson and Jason Hunter who together had a strong

vision of excellence for the First Edition of this book and worked hard to make that

vision a reality.

I’d like to personally thank Simon St.Laurent for the help and support for this book.

The level of detail and clarity demonstrates how much Simon worked to make sure I

had the time to write it that way. Thanks Simon!

Thanks also go to Ian Darwin for coauthoring the first edition of the book. He wrote

a large amount of helpful and virtually timeless Tomcat content that remains in this

Second Edition.

The person who directly contributed the most content for the Second Edition of this

book (besides Simon St.Laurent, the editor through most of the project), was Akbar

Ansari. He provided many screen shots that would have taken me countless addi-

tional hours to create, he graphed benchmark data numerous times, proofread some

of my text and gave me feedback, and most importantly gave me words of encour-

agement as I wrote. Thanks, Akbar, for being so helpful and genuinely interested!

Thanks also to Jamie Madden for being the tech reviewer for the Second Edition.

Bart Busschots and Jamie Madden both wrote the Mac OS X specific sections of this

book—excellent pioneering work guys! Thanks!

Also Sebastien Diotte implemented the initial 5.5+ port of

BadInputValve, Sean

McCauliff gave feedback about textual strangeness in some chapters, and Mike

Miller showed me an important FreeBSD ipfilter port remapping rule. Thanks to

Mark Petrovic for conversing with me about the

SecurityManager and for writing the

security policy autodiscovery article; Nicholas Schuetz for creating and maintaining

the

#tomcat IRC channel on the irc.freenode.net server (it has helped countless Tom-

cat users); Philip Morton, Robert Brindamour, and Tom Duggin for fixing a scalabil-

ity bug in

BadInputValve; William Osmond (I forgot to write in my notes what you

helped with, but I know you helped! Thanks!); Fabrice Bellard and others for writ-

ing QEMU so that I could run so many different operating systems to write about

them; and Jason Gabler for showing me sventon.

Thanks to my former co-workers and friends at NASA’s Ames research center, and

the NASA Kepler Space Telescope mission (http://kepler.nasa.gov) for allowing me to

participate. Eventually, our software will find many new habitable worlds, never

before detected by mankind.

Chapter 1: Getting Started with Tomcat

developer, attempting to build and use your own Tomcat binaries may actually cause

problems because it is relatively easy to build Tomcat in ways that quietly disable

important features. To get started quickly, you should download an official release

binary package for your system.

If you want some hints on compiling from source, see Chapter 9.

There are two levels of packaging. The Apache Software Foundation publishes bina-

ries in the form of releases and nightly builds. Other organizations rebundle these

into RPM packages and other kinds of installers for Linux, “packages” for BSD, and

so forth. The best way to install Tomcat depends on your system. We explain the

process on several systems: Linux, Solaris, Windows, Mac OS X, and FreeBSD.

Tomcat 6 requires any Java runtime version 1.5 or higher (which Sun’s marketing

group calls “Java 5”). We suggest that you run Tomcat 6 on Java 1.6 or higher, how-

ever, due to the additional features, fixes, and performance improvements that Java

1.6 (or higher) JVMs offer.

Installing Tomcat on Linux

Tomcat is available in at least two different binary release forms for Linux users to

choose from:

Multiplatform binary releases

You can download, install, and run any of the binary releases of Tomcat from

Apache’s web site regardless of the Linux distribution you run. This format

comes in the form of gzipped tar archives (tar.gz files) and zip archive files. This

allows you to install Tomcat into any directory you choose, and you can install it

as any user ID in the system. However, this kind of installation is not tracked by

any package manager and will be more difficult to upgrade or uninstall later.

Also, it does not come with an

init script for integration into the system’s star-

tup and shutdown.

Distribution native package

If you run Fedora or Red Hat Linux (or another Linux that uses the Red Hat

package manager, such as SUSE or Mandriva), you can download a binary RPM

package of Tomcat. This allows for easy uninstalls and upgrades via the Red Hat

Package Manager, plus it installs a Tomcat

init script for stopping, starting, and

restarting Tomcat from the command line and on reboots. The downside to this

method of installation is that you must install the Tomcat RPM package as the

root user. As of this writing there are at least two RPM package implementa-

tions for you to choose from, each with different features.

Installing Tomcat

Keep in mind, though, that Linux is just the operating system kernel, and the com-

plete operating system is a “distribution.” Today, there are many different Linux dis-

tributions. Some examples include Fedora, Red Hat, Ubuntu, Mandriva, Gentoo,

and Debian. Although any two Linux distributions tend to be similar, there are also

usually enough differences that make it difficult for developers to write one script

that runs successfully on two. Also, each Linux distribution may primarily use a dif-

ferent native package manager, so each version of a distribution can change any

number of things in the operating system, including Java

and Tomcat. It is not

uncommon for Linux distributions to bundle software written in Java that does not

work only because the distribution’s own package of it is broken in a subtle way.

Distributions also tend to include old versions of Tomcat that are either unstable or

less than ideal to run your web site compared to the latest stable version available.

For these reasons, it’s almost always best to install your own recent stable version of

Tomcat.

Because there are so many Linux distributions, and because they are significantly dif-

ferent from each other, giving specific instructions on how best to install Tomcat on

each version of each Linux distribution is beyond the scope of this book. Luckily,

there is enough similarity between the popular Linux distributions for you to follow

more generic Linux installation instructions for installing Tomcat from an Apache

binary release archive.

If you run a Fedora or Red Hat Linux distribution, more than one implementation of

Tomcat RPM packages exists for you to choose from:

The Tomcat RPM package that comes with this book

This is a fully relocateable RPM package that can be easily rebuilt via a custom

ant build file. It does not build Tomcat itself but instead bundles the official mul-

tiplatform Apache release class binaries of the Tomcat 6 version of your choice.

This RPM package depends on no other RPM packages, so it can be installed as

a single package, but needs to be configured to use an installed Java runtime

(JDK or JRE). See Appendix E for the full source listing of the RPM package’s

scripts.

The Tomcat RPM package that is available from JPackage.org

This is a nonrelocateable RPM package that installs Tomcat into the /var direc-

tory. It rebuilds Tomcat from source code and then packages up the resulting

multiplatform class binaries. This RPM package depends on many other RPM

packages (each potentially requiring yet more packages) from JPackage.org and

must be installed as a graph of RPM packages. As of this writing, JPackage.org

does not have a Tomcat 6.0 RPM, only a Tomcat 5.5 RPM.

* See Appendix A for more information about how to work around a distribution’s incompatible Java

implementation.

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