"元素衰变纲图：核素图CD-ROM版（1996）"

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The Table of Isotopes CD-ROM Edition, version 1.0, was compiled in March 1996 by Richard B. Firestone and Virginia S. Shirley, with editing by S.Y. Frank Chu and assistance from Coral M. Baglin and Jean Zipkin. This comprehensive reference tool provides detailed information on the decay schemes of various isotopes, supported by the US Department of Energy under contract DE-AC03-76SF00098. This work was made possible with the support of the Director, Office of Energy Research, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, Nuclear Physics Division. The CD-ROM edition contains a wealth of data on the properties of isotopes and their decay pathways, making it a valuable resource for researchers and students in the field of nuclear physics. With detailed instructions for use included, this edition is a must-have for anyone studying the behavior of isotopes and their applications in various fields.

B. Tabulated Data:

General Isotopic Information:

Each block of data for an isotope is headed by the isotope label. Immediately

below the label are quantities of general interest described as follows.

%: Natural isotopic abundance (atom percent basis) for elements as they occur

on earth. The values are those adopted by the International Union of Pure

and Applied Chemistry

∆∆: Mass excess (≡ M−A) on the unified mass scale (∆

C≡0), in units of keV.

All values refer to masses of neutral atoms. Systematic values are given in

parentheses.

: Neutron separation energy (M

− M

N−1

− M

) in units of keV. Systematic

values are given in parentheses.

: Proton separation energy (M

− M

Z−1

− M

) in units of keV. Systematic

values are given in parentheses.

: Decay energy for decay mode x = β

−

, EC (EC+β

α, or p decay in units

of keV. Systematic values are given in parentheses.

: Neutron cross sections: these include values for

σσ

γγ

(≡σ(n,γ), the neutron

capture cross section),

σσ

αα

(n capture cross section for alpha particle

emission),

σσ

(n capture cross section for proton emission), σσ

abs

(“free”

neutron scattering cross section) and

σσ

(capture cross section for fission).

Cross sections

σσ are those for thermal neutrons, σσ

for 2200m/sec

neutrons, and

σσ

for reactor neutrons. Designation of “from” or “to” is

followed by the energy of the capture or product nuclear state.

Populating reactions and decay modes:

A list of reactions and decay modes known to populate this isotope. The reaction

list is obtained primarily from the compiled datasets, and the decay modes have

been supplemented to include populating decays where explicit feeding of specific

final levels is not known. A complete list of reference codes used by the evaluator

follows each populating reaction or decay mode. Decay modes, sometimes without

references, have been added here and the reader is referred to the parent isotope

tables for references. When more than one level from a given parent may populate

the isotope, the decay modes specify the identifying half-life; if those parent levels

E: Energy of the deexciting transition in keV, preceded by γ

abc

where

abc=energy of the level populated by that transition. Transitions with (?)

following their energies have uncertain placements.

†

γγ

, †

,†

γγ

: Relative intensity of photon, conversion electron, or total

transition, respectively. Photon intensities are given whenever available,

and electron intensities are typically given only for E0 transitions. The

transition intensities are usually normalized to 100 for the most intense

γ ray

emitted from the level.

Multipolarity and mixing ratio (

δδ): The transition multipolarities and mixing ratio

are given when available. If the mixing ratio is inferred from systematic

multipolarities, the multipolarities are given in square brackets. The

multipolarities are shown as magnetic (M

λ) or electric (Eλ) 2

-multipole

transitions, and as dipole (D,

λ=1), quadrupole (Q, λ=2), and octupole (O, λ

=3) transitions. Multipolarities in parentheses are determined from weaker

evidence, and values reported as M1(+E2) generally infer that the

contribution of the second multipolarity is minor. Multipolarities separated

by commas represent the list of plausible values not excluded by

experiment, and one or more values in the list may be negligible or

nonexistent. In some cases, when more than one mixing ratio (

δ) may be

inferred from the data, multiple values are separated by the word “or”. The

sign of the mixing ratio (

δ) is given explicitly when known, and follows the

phase convention of Krane and Steffen

. For transitions of the general

form E(M)

+M(E)λ

(λ

=λ

+1), the ratio of the two multipolarity component

intensities is

=M(E)λ

/E(M)λ

The percentage of the second (λ

)

component, as expressed in earlier editions of the Table of Isotopes, is

%E(M)

=100×δ

/(1+δ

Quantities for Superdeformation: The following quantities are provided for

superdeformed band levels only:

Rotational Frequency

hω = [E

((J+2)→J)+E

(J→(J−2))]/4 MeV

Kinetic Moment of Inertia

(1)

(J) = (2J−1)h

/[E

(J→(J−2))] MeV

−1

Dynamic Moment of Inertia

(2)

(J) = 4h

/[E

((J+2)→J)−E

(J→(J−2))] MeV

−1

Decay γγ-ray data:

Tables of γ-ray energies and intensities from decay are headed by the generic title

“

γ (daughter) from parent(t

1/2

) xx decay <for I

% multiply by yy>” where xx is the

mode of decay and yy is the factor required to normalize the

γ-ray intensity to units

of “per 100 decays of the parent”. In some cases the decay is indicated as from

multiple parents when the data are from a mixed source. The title is followed by an

energy-ordered list of transitions, their intensities and their multipolarities and

mixing ratios. See the discussion under adopted

γ-ray data for a discussion of

these quantities. Unplaced

γ-ray transitions, not shown in the adopted γ-ray tables,

are indicated by (u), following the energy. The

γ-ray list typically includes

measured values for transitions observed in decay experiments whose energies

may vary from their adopted values in the level table. Additional transitions

observed in reaction experiments and included in the adopted levels table are

excluded from this list. A complete list of

γ rays expected from decay can be

inferred from the decay scheme drawings (see discussion below).

Decay particle data:

Tables of particle emission energies and intensities from decay are headed by the

generic title “x from parent(t

1/2

) x decay <for I

% multiply by yy>” where x=

α,p,

n,…. is the emitted particle and yy is the normalization factor defined as for decay

rays (see above). Particles are listed in energy order and preceded by x

abc

where

abc is the energy of the level populated in the daughter.

C. Decay-scheme drawings:

Nuclear levels populated by radioactive decay are shown on a detailed decay

scheme drawing. A decay scheme for each parent decay mode summarizes the

daughter level structure as observed in the decay of that parent isotope or isomeric

state. All levels populated in radioactive decay, the adopted transitions from these

levels, and additional adopted levels fed by the adopted transitions but not observed in

decay, are shown on the decay scheme. If the decay scheme is sufficiently complex, it

is drawn in several parts divided into regions of level excitation energy populated by the

parent. In each part, the lower energy levels are omitted from the drawing unless they

are fed from above. The following is a description of those properties shown on decay

scheme drawings.

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