ECMA-340标准：近场通信接口与协议

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"ECMA-340标准是关于近场通信接口和协议（NFCIP-1）的第二版，发布于2004年12月，它定义了两个近距离耦合设备之间简单无线通信的接口和协议。NFC设备支持106kbps、212kbps和424kbps的数据传输速率，该标准适用于网络产品和消费类设备的应用，但不具体规定应用内容。此版本与ISO/IEC18092:2004保持一致，并引用了NFCIP-1测试方法标准ECMA-356和ECMA-362。" ECMA-340标准详细说明了近场通信（Near Field Communication, NFC）技术的规范，这是一种短距离无线通信技术，允许电子设备在几厘米范围内交换数据。NFCIP-1（NFC Interface and Protocol）是这一标准的核心部分，它定义了设备之间的通信接口和协议，使得不同设备间能够无缝连接和交互数据。这种技术广泛应用于移动支付、数据交换、智能卡和物联网设备中。在NFCIP-1中，有以下几个重要的概念： 1. **主动通信模式**（Active Communication Mode）：在这种模式下，两个设备都可以作为数据传输的发起者，它们可以同时发送和接收数据，从而实现双向通信。 2. **ASK调制**（ASK Modulation）：这是NFC通信中使用的调制方式之一，其中载波信号的幅度根据数据信号变化，用于编码信息。 3. **二进制编码十进制（BCD, Binary Coded Decimal）**：一种数据表示方法，用于将十进制数字转换成二进制形式进行传输。 4. **冲突**（Collision）：在通信过程中，当两个设备同时尝试传输数据时发生的情况，需要通过冲突检测和解决机制来避免。 5. **帧**（Frame）：在NFC通信中，帧是数据传输的基本单元，包含了控制信息、地址信息以及数据本身。此外，ECMA-340标准还引用了其他相关标准，如ECMA-356和ECMA-362，它们分别提供了NFCIP-1的测试方法。这些标准确保了不同厂商的产品能够遵循统一的规则进行互操作性测试，从而保证了NFC设备间的兼容性和一致性。 ECMA-340标准的实施和遵循对于NFC技术的发展至关重要，它为设备制造商提供了一个清晰的框架，确保了设备间的通信效率和可靠性。随着NFC技术的普及，越来越多的设备和服务利用这一标准来实现便捷的连接和数据交换，如智能手机的触碰支付、智能标签的读取等，使得用户能够享受到更智能、安全和高效的数字化生活。

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1 Scope

This Standard defines communication modes for Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol

(NFCIP-1) using inductive coupled devices operating at the centre frequency of 13,56 MHz for

interconnection of computer peripherals. It also defines both the Active and the Passive

communication modes of Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1) to realize a

communication network using Near Field Communication devices for networked products and also

for consumer equipment. This Standard specifies, in particular, modulation schemes, codings,

transfer speeds, and frame format of the RF interface, as well as initialization schemes and

conditions required for data collision control during initialization. Furthermore, this Standard defines

a transport protocol including protocol activation and data exchange methods.

Information interchange between systems also requires, at a minimum, agreement between the

interchange parties upon the interchange codes and the data structure.

2 Conformance

In addition to passing all normative tests and meeting all requirements specified in ECMA-356 and

ECMA-362, conforming implementations implement both the Active and the Passive communication

modes and meet all other requirements specified in ECMA-340.

3 Normative references

ECMA-356 NFCIP-1 - RF Interface Test Methods

ECMA-362 NFCIP-1 - Protocol Test Methods

ITU-T V.41:1988 Code-independent error-control system

4 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this Standard, the following definitions apply.

4.1 Active communication mode

Move in which both the Initiator and the Target use their own RF field to enable the

communication

4.2 ASK modulation

Amplitude Shift Keying, in which the amplitude of the carrier frequency is modulated according to

the logic of the data to be transmitted

NOTE

The degree of modulation is expressed by (a

−

b)/(a + b)

100 [%], where a and b respectively represent the

maximum and minimum amplitudes of the modulated signal waveform.

4.3 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)

A system for representing each of the decimal numbers 0 to 9 by a four-bit binary code

NOTE

The bits, from left to right, are worth 8, 4, 2 and 1 respectively in decimal, so for example the number 6 in

BCD is 0110.

4.4 Collision

Transmission by two or more Targets or Initiators during the same time period, such that the

Initiator or the Target is unable to distinguish from which Target the data originated

- 1 -

4.5 Frame

Sequence of data bits and optional error detection bits, with frame delimiters at start and end

4.6 HThreshold

The minimum value of an external RF field that a NFCIP-1 device shall detect in order not to

disturb ongoing communication by ensuring that its own RF field is switched off

4.7 Initiator

Generator of the RF field and starter of the NFCIP-1 communication

4.8 Load modulation

Process of amplitude modulating a radio frequency field by varying the properties of a resonant

circuit placed within the radio frequency field

4.9 lsb first

least significant bit first, indicating a serial data transmission system that sends lsb before all

other bits

4.10 LSB first

Least Significant Byte first, indicating a serial data transmission system that sends LSB before all

other bytes

4.11 Manchester coding

Method of bit coding whereby a logic level during a bit duration is represented by a sequence of

two defined physical states of a communication medium

NOTE

The order of the physical states within the sequence defines the logical state. The coding system which

divides into half at the changing point in the middle point of bit self-sustaining time, and makes the direction

of the changes correspond to two logic value.

4.12 Modulation index

Defined as (a – b)/(a + b) where a and b are the peak and the minimum signal amplitude

respectively with the value of the index possibly expressed as a percentage

NOTE

When the maximum amplitude of the modulated signal waveform is set to a and the minimum value is set to

b, the degree of abnormal conditions is usually expressed as a percent.

4.13 msb first

most significant bit indicating a serial data transmission system that sends the msb before all

other bits

4.14 MSB first

Most Significant Byte indicating a serial data transmission system that sends the MSB before all

other bytes

4.15 NFCIP-1 device

General term for either an Initiator or a Target communicating in the Active or the Passive

communication mode

4.16 NFC Identifier (NFCIDn)

A randomly generated number used by the RF Collision Avoidance and Single Device Detection

sequence for both the Active and the Passive communication modes

- 2 -

4.17 Passive communication mode

When the Initiator is generating the RF field and the Target responds to an Initiator command in a

load modulation scheme

4.18 RF Collision Avoidance (RFCA)

Method to detect the presence of a RF field based on the carrier frequency and method to detect

and resolve collisions on protocol level

4.19 SEL_PAR

Total number of valid bits of NFCID1 CLn including SEL_CMD and SEL_PAR transmitted by the

Initiator

4.20 Sensing

An NFCIP-1 device in the Active communication mode expecting a Response to a Request it has

sent on the RF field to detect the start of communication to receive the Request

4.21 Single Device Detection (SDD)

An algorithm used by the initiator to detect one out of several Targets in its RF field

4.22 Subcarrier

Signal of frequency (fs) used to modulate a carrier of frequency (fc)

4.23 Target

Responds to Initiator command either using load modulation scheme (RF field generated by

Initiator) or using modulation of self generated RF field

4.24 Time Period

Defines the number of slots used for RF Collision Avoidance

4.25 Time Slot

Method of preparing a time window when a Target answers, and assigning and identifying two or

more logic channels

4.26 Transaction

Includes the initialization and the transparent data exchange between an Initiator and a Target

either in the Active or the Passive communication mode

5 Conventions and notations

5.1 Representation of numbers

The following conventions and notations apply in this document unless otherwise stated.

− Letters and digits in parentheses represent numbers in hexadecimal notation.

− The setting of bits is denoted by ZERO or ONE.

− Numbers in binary notation and bit patterns are represented by strings of digits 0 and 1 shown

with the most significant bit to the left. Within such strings, X may be used to indicate that the

setting of a bit is not specified within the string.

5.2 Names

The names of basic elements, e.g. specific fields, are written with a capital initial letter.

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ECMA-340标准：近场通信接口与协议

ECMA-340 Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol (NFCIP

NFC协议，ISO 14443, ISO15693, ISO18092, ECMA-340-4th, ECMA-352-4rh

ECMA-340 & ECMA-352 3rd_edition, 2013. ISO_IEC_18092 & ISO_IEC_21481

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