PCIe发射器PLL测试方法对比分析

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"这篇文档是关于PCIE发射器PLL测试方法的比较,主要探讨了四种不同的测试方法,包括频谱分析仪法、示波器法、误码率测试仪(BERT)法和时钟恢复仪器法。这些方法用于验证PCI-SIG电气合规性测试规范草案中规定的PCIExpress插卡中的Phase Locked Loop(PLL)环路响应,这些PLL用于从100MHz参考振荡器生成本地发射器时钟。文档中特别提到了时钟恢复仪器法,这种方法提供了一种单仪器解决方案,具有更高的测试精度、分辨率和吞吐量,并且成本较低。" 详细说明: 1. **PCIExpress (PCIe)**: PCIe是一种高速接口标准,用于连接计算机系统中的外部设备,如显卡、网卡等,它提供了比传统PCI接口更快的数据传输速度。 2. **Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)**: PLL是一种电子电路,用于产生与输入信号同步的可调频率信号。在PCIe发射器中,PLL用于从100MHz参考振荡器生成所需频率的时钟信号,确保数据传输的精确同步。 3. **电气合规性测试**: PCI-SIG(PCI特殊兴趣组)制定的电气合规性测试是为了确保PCIe设备符合行业标准,包括对PLL环路响应的测试,这是确保设备性能和兼容性的关键步骤。 4. **测试方法**: - **频谱分析仪法**: 使用频谱分析仪来检测PLL产生的时钟信号的频谱特性,评估其纯净度和稳定性。 - **示波器法**: 示波器可以捕捉并显示时钟信号的波形,从而分析PLL的相位和幅度特性。 - **误码率测试仪 (BERT) 法**: BERT通过发送和接收数据,计算错误比特率来评估PLL的性能,尤其是在高速数据传输下的稳定性。 - **时钟恢复仪器法**: 这种方法结合了时钟恢复功能,可以更精确地测量PLL的环路响应,提供高分辨率和高效率的测试结果,同时降低了操作误差的可能性。 5. **时钟恢复仪器法的优势**: 该方法通过单一设备完成测试,减少了复杂性和成本,同时提高了测试的准确性和速度。直接显示测量结果避免了对数据的主观解释,减少了人为错误。 6. **PCIe插卡的发射时钟**: PCIe卡上的发射时钟是由PLL生成的,这个时钟对于数据的正确发送至关重要,因为它必须与接收端的时钟精确同步,以确保数据的正确解码。 此文档对于理解和执行PCIe发射器PLL的测试具有指导意义,尤其是对于开发人员和测试工程师来说,掌握这些测试方法可以帮助他们更好地保证PCIe设备的质量和兼容性。

用C++编写程序,实现以下问题2、题目ID Codes(POJ1146) Time Limit: 1000MS Memory Limit: 10000K 描述: It is 2084 and the year of Big Brother has finally arrived, albeit a century late. In order to exercise greater control over its citizens and thereby to counter a chronic breakdown in law and order, the Government decides on a radical measure--all citizens are to have a tiny microcomputer surgically implanted in their left wrists. This computer will contains all sorts of personal information as well as a transmitter which will allow people's movements to be logged and monitored by a central computer. (A desirable side effect of this process is that it will shorten the dole queue for plastic surgeons.) An essential component of each computer will be a unique identification code, consisting of up to 50 characters drawn from the 26 lower case letters. The set of characters for any given code is chosen somewhat haphazardly. The complicated way in which the code is imprinted into the chip makes it much easier for the manufacturer to produce codes which are rearrangements of other codes than to produce new codes with a different selection of letters. Thus, once a set of letters has been chosen all possible codes derivable from it are used before changing the set. For example, suppose it is decided that a code will contain exactly 3 occurrences of a', 2 of b' and 1 of c', then three of the allowable 60 codes under these conditions are: abaabc abaacb ababac These three codes are listed from top to bottom in alphabetic order. Among all codes generated with this set of characters, these codes appear consecutively in this order. Write a program to assist in the issuing of these identification codes. Your program will accept a sequence of no more than 50 lower case letters (which may contain repeated characters) and print the successor code if one exists or the message No Successor' if the given code is the last in the sequence for that set of characters. 输入: Input will consist of a series of lines each containing a string representing a code. The entire file will be terminated by a line consisting of a single #. 输出: Output will consist of one line for each code read containing the successor code or the words 'No Successor'. 样例输入 abaacb cbbaa # 样例输出 ababac No Successor

2023-05-22 上传

Unlike the classical encryption schemes,keys are dispensable in certain PLS technigues, known as the keyless secure strat egy. Sophisticated signal processing techniques such as arti- ficial noise, beamforming,and diversitycan be developed to ensure the secrecy of the MC networks.In the Alice-Bob-Eve model, Alice is the legitimate transmitter, whose intended target is the legitimate receiver Bob,while Eve is the eavesdropper that intercepts the information from Alice to Bob.The secrecy performance is quantified via information leakagei.ethe dif ference of the mutual information between the Alice-Bob and Alice-Eve links. The upper bound of the information leakage is called secrecy capacity realized by a specific distribution of the input symbols, namely,capacity-achieving distribution.The secrecy performance of the diffusion-based MC system with concentration shift keying(CSK)is analyzed from an informa- tion-theoretical point of view,providing two paramount secrecy metrics, i.e., secrecy capacity and secure distance[13].How ever, only the estimation of lower bound secrecy capacity is derived as both links attain their channel capacity.The secrecy capacity highly depends on the system parameters such as the average signal energy,diffusion coefficientand reception duration. Moreover, the distance between the transmitter and the eavesdropper is also an important aspect of secrecy per- formance. For both amplitude and energy detection schemes secure distance is proposed as a secret metricover which the eavesdropper is incapable of signal recovery. Despite the case with CSK,the results of the secure metrics vary with the modulation type(e.g.pulse position,spacetype) and reception mechanism(e.g.passive,partially absorbingper fectly absorbing).For ease of understanding,Figure 3 depicts the modulation types and the corresponding CIRs with different reception mechanisms. Novel signa processing techniques and the biochemical channel properties can further assist the secrecy enhancement in the MC system.The molecular beam forming that avoids information disclosure can be realized via the flow generated in the channel.Besidesnew dimensions of diversity, such as the aforementioned molecular diversity of ionic compounds, can beexploited. Note that the feasibility of these methods can be validated by the derived secrecy metrics.

2023-06-13 上传