并发世界中的编程语言：Erlang学习指南

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"这是一份专为Haobo Yu准备的Erlang学习PDF文档，被认为是对Erlang编程语言基础知识的最佳入门资料。文档详述了如何使用Erlang这种并发应用设计的语言来构建行为与现实世界对象相似的程序，旨在帮助有兴趣的读者深入理解和应用Erlang。文档由Joe Armstrong撰写，他是Erlang语言的重要贡献者，其著作《Programming Erlang》被广泛视为并发世界的软件开发经典教材。" 文档内容深入介绍了Erlang这一门面向并发编程的语言，由Joe Armstrong亲自编写，他强调Erlang程序的设计理念是模仿我们思考和互动的方式。在并发编程的世界里，Erlang因其独特设计而变得尤为重要，它使得开发过程更加简单高效。并发性是现代计算的一个核心特性，特别是在多核处理器和分布式系统成为常态的今天。Erlang语言以其轻量级进程、消息传递模型以及容错能力而闻名，这些特性使得它在处理高并发、分布式和实时系统方面表现出色。文档可能会涵盖以下知识点： 1. **并发编程基础**：介绍Erlang中的并发模型，包括进程、消息传递和同步机制，以及如何利用这些工具构建可扩展的系统。 2. **Erlang语法和数据类型**：讲解Erlang的基本语法，如函数定义、模式匹配、列表处理以及原子和元组等数据结构。 3. **错误处理和容错**：探讨Erlang的故障恢复机制，如进程监控和自动重启，以及如何构建健壮的系统。 4. **分布式编程**：解释如何在Erlang节点间进行通信，构建分布式应用程序，以及管理节点间的交互。 5. ** OTP（Open Telecom Platform）框架**：介绍Erlang的OTP库，它是Erlang开发的标准库，包含许多预构建的组件和服务，如GenServer、GenEvent和Supervisor，用于构建可靠的服务。 6. **并发编程最佳实践**：分享编写高效并发代码的技巧和策略，包括避免共享状态、减少阻塞操作以及正确使用进程间的通信。 7. **案例研究**：通过具体的实例展示Erlang在实际项目中的应用，如实时系统、数据库系统或大规模并发服务器的实现。 8. **调试和性能分析**：讲解如何使用Erlang的工具进行调试和性能优化，确保代码的质量和效率。 9. **Erlang生态系统**：介绍与Erlang相关的工具、库和社区资源，如Rebar3构建工具和Elixir语言，它们都基于Erlang虚拟机（BEAM）。通过这份PDF文档，读者可以全面了解Erlang语言及其并发编程的核心概念，从而具备使用Erlang构建高效并发软件的能力。同时，文档还可能涵盖了编程实践中的一些实用技巧和经验，对于任何对并发编程感兴趣的人来说都是宝贵的资源。

BEGIN AGAIN 16

• Appendix E, on page 419, looks at techniques for analyz ing, pro-

ﬁling, debugging, and tracing your code.

• Appendix F, on page 439, has one-line summaries of the most

used modules in the Erlang standard libraries.

1.2 Begin Again

Once upon a time a programmer came across a book describing a funny

programming language. It had an unfamiliar syntax, equal didn’t mean

equals, and variables weren’t allowed to vary. Worse, it wasn’t even

object-oriented. The programs were, well, different....

Not only were the programs different, but the whole approach to pro-

gramming was different. The author kept on and on about concurrency

and distribution and fault tolerance and about a method of programming

called concurrency-oriented programming—whatever that might mean.

But some of the examples looked like fun. That evening the programmer

looked at the example chat program. It was pretty small and easy to

understand, even if the syntax was a bit strange. Surely it couldn’t be

that easy.

The basic program was simple, and with a few more lines of code, ﬁle

sharing and encrypted conversations became possible. The programmer

started typing....

What’s This All About?

It’s about concurrency. It’s about distribution. It’s about fault toler-

ance. It’s about functional programming. It’s about programming a dis-

tributed concurrent system without locks and mutexes but using only

pure message passing. It ’s about speeding up your programs on multi-

core CPUs. It’s about writing distributed applications that allow people

to interact with each other. It’s about design methods and behaviors

for writing fault-tolerant and distributed systems. It’s about modeling

concurrency and mapping those models onto computer programs, a

process I call concurrency-oriented programming.

I had fun writing this book. I hope you have fun reading it.

Now go read the book, write some code, and have fun.

Report erratum

this copy is (P1.1 printing, July, 2007)

Prepared exclusively for Haobo Yu

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 17

1.3 Acknowledgments

Many people have helped in the preparation of this book, and I’d like to

thank them all here.

First, Dave Thomas, my editor: Dave has been teaching me to write

and subjecting me to a barrage of never-ending questions. Why this?

Why that? When I started the book, Dave said my w riting style was like

“standing on a rock preaching.” He said, “I want you to talk to people,

not preach.” The book is better for it. Thanks, Dave.

Next, I’ve h ad a litt l e committee of language experts at my back. They

helped me decide what to leave out. They also helped me clarify some

of the bits that are difﬁcult to explain. Thanks here (in no particular

order) t o Björn Gustavsson, Robert Virding, Kostis Sagonas, Kenneth

Lundin, Richard Carlsson, and Ulf Wiger.

Thanks also to Claes Vikström who provided valuable advice on Mnesia,

to Rickard Green on SMP Erlang, and to Hans Nilsson for the stemming

algorithm used in the text-indexing program.

Sean Hinde and Ulf Wiger helped me understand how to use various

OTP internals, and Serge Aleynikov explained active sockets to me so

that I could understand.

Helen Taylor (my wife) has proofread several chapters and provided

hundreds of cups of tea at appropriate moments. What’s more, she put

up with my rather obsessive behavior for the last seven months. Thanks

also to Thomas and Claire; and thanks t o Bach and Handel, Zorro and

Daisy, and Doris, who have h elped me stay sane, have purred when

stroked, and have gotten me to the right addresses.

Finally, to all the readers of the beta book who ﬁlled in errata requests:

I have cursed you and praised you. When the ﬁrst beta w ent out, I was

unprepared for the entire book to be read in two days and for you to

shred every page with your comments. But the process has r esulted in

a much better book than I had imagined. When (as happened several

times) dozens of people said, “I don’t understand this page,” then I was

forced to think again and rewrite the material concerned. Thanks for

your help, everybody.

Joe Armstrong

May 2007

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Prepared exclusively for Haobo Yu

OVERVIEW 19

At this stage you’ll be familiar with Erlang, so we’ll move on to more

interest i ng topics:

• You’ll pick up more advanced uses of the shell. The shell can do a

lot more t han we let on when you were ﬁrst learning it. (For exam-

ple, you can recall and edit previous expressions. This is covered

in Section

6.5, Command Editing in the Erlang Shell, on page 130.)

• You’ll start learning th e libraries (called modules in Erlang). Most

of the programs I write can be written using ﬁve modules: lists, io,

ﬁle, dict, and gen_tcp; therefore, we’ll be using these modules a lot

thr oughout the book.

• As your programs get bigger, you’ll need to learn how to automate

compiling and running them. The tool of choice for this is make.

We’ll see how to control the process by writing a makeﬁle. This is

covered in Section

6.4, Automating Compilation with Makeﬁles, on

page

127.

• The bigger world of Erlang programming uses an extensive library

collection called OTP.

As you gain experience with Erlang, you’ll

ﬁnd that knowing OTP will save you lots of time. After all, why

reinvent the wheel if someone has already wri tten the functional-

ity you need? We’ll learn the major OTP behaviors, in particular

gen_server. This is covered in Section

16.2, Getting Started with

gen_server, on page

301.

• One of the main uses of Erlang is writing distributed programs,

so now is the time to start experimenting. You can start with the

examples in Chapter

10, Distributed Programming, on page 175,

and you can extend them in any way you want.

Stage 2.5: I May Learn Some Optional Stuff

You don’t have to read every chapter in this book the ﬁrst time through.

Unlike most of the languages you have probably met before, Erlang is

a concurrent programming language—this makes it particularly suited

for writing distributed progr ams and for programming modern multi-

core and SMP

computers. Most Erlang programs will just run faster

when run on a multicore or SMP machine.

Erlang programming involves using a programming paradigm that I call

concurrency-oriented programming (COP).

1. Open Telecom Platform.

2. Symmetric multiprocessing.

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