探索Perl编程：从基础到高级

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"Learning Perl" 是一本针对Perl 5.0版本的学习教程，旨在帮助初学者和有一定经验的程序员掌握Perl编程语言的核心概念和实践技巧。这本书与其他O'Reilly出版社的Perl相关书籍一同构成了一套丰富的学习资源，包括进阶、中级、精通级别的Perl编程指南，以及关于Perl 6和Parrot Essentials、最佳实践、Perl测试和模块-Perl的开发者笔记本等。此外，O'Reilly还提供了Perl的在线资源中心（perl.oreilly.com），这里有样章、代码示例，是获取Perl技术信息的重要平台。在深入探讨"Learning Perl"这本书的内容之前，了解Perl编程语言本身是必要的。Perl是一种高级、通用、解释型、动态的编程语言，因其强大的文本处理能力而广受赞誉。Perl 5是目前广泛使用的版本，它包含了丰富的内置函数和模块，支持多种编程范式，包括命令式、函数式、面向对象和原型化编程。 "Learning Perl"将引导读者逐步了解Perl的基础知识，如变量类型、数据结构（数组和哈希）、流程控制（循环和条件语句）、正则表达式以及文件和目录操作。书中的实例代码和练习将帮助读者巩固所学知识。此外，书中还可能涵盖了函数、子程序、引用和对象导向编程等更高级的主题，以便读者能够编写出更加复杂和模块化的Perl程序。与这本书相关的其他O'Reilly出版物，如"Advanced Perl Programming"和"Intermediate Perl"，为那些希望提升技能的读者提供了深入学习的路径。"Mastering Perl"则进一步介绍了Perl的高级特性，而"Perl Best Practices"则强调了编写高效、可维护代码的最佳实践。对于那些需要在线学习资源的读者，Safari Bookshelf提供了超过1,000本书的在线参考库，可以进行搜索和订阅，以快速找到问题的答案。同时，O'Reilly组织的各类会议也为参与者提供了与业界专家交流、了解最新工具和技术的机会。总而言之，"Learning Perl"是学习Perl编程语言的宝贵资源，结合O'Reilly提供的各种在线平台和社区，读者可以全面深入地掌握Perl，并持续跟踪这个语言的发展动态。通过不断学习和实践，无论是初学者还是有经验的开发者，都能在Perl的世界里找到属于自己的天地。

History of This Book

For the curious, here’s how Randal tells the story of how this book came about:

After I had finished the first Programming Perl book with Larry Wall (in 1991), I was

approached by Taos Mountain Software in Silicon Valley to produce a training course.

This included having me deliver the first dozen or so courses and train their staff to

continue offering the course. I wrote the course for them

and delivered it as promised.

On the third or fourth delivery of that course (in late 1991), someone came up to me

and said, “You know, I really like Programming Perl, but the way the material is pre-

sented in this course is so much easier to follow—you oughta write a book like this

course.” It sounded like an opportunity to me, so I started thinking about it.

I wrote to Tim O’Reilly with a proposal based on an outline that was similar to the

course I was presenting for Taos—although I had rearranged and modified a few of the

chapters based on observations in the classroom. I think that was my fastest proposal

acceptance in history—I got a message from Tim within 15 minutes saying, “We’ve

been waiting for you to pitch a second book—Programming Perl is selling like gang-

busters.” That started the effort over the next 18 months to finish the first edition of

Learning Perl.

During that time, I was starting to see an opportunity to teach Perl classes outside

Silicon Valley,

†

so I created a class based on the text I was writing for Learning Perl. I

gave a dozen classes for various clients (including my primary contractor, Intel Oregon),

and used the feedback to fine-tune the book draft even further.

The first edition hit the streets on the first day of November 1993

‡

and became a

smashing success, frequently even outpacing Programming Perl book sales.

The back-cover jacket of the first book said “written by a leading Perl trainer.” Well,

that became a self-fulfilling prophesy. Within a few months, I was starting to get email

from people all over the United States asking me to teach at their site. In the following

seven years, my company became the leading worldwide on-site Perl training company,

and I had personally racked up (literally) a million frequent-flier miles. It didn’t hurt

that the Web started taking off about then, and the webmasters and webmistresses

picked Perl as the language of choice for content management, interaction through

CGI, and maintenance.

In the contract, I retained the rights to the exercises, hoping someday to reuse them in some other way, like

in the magazine columns I was writing at the time. The exercises are the only things that leapt from the Taos

course to the book.

†

My Taos contract had a no-compete clause, so I had to stay out of Silicon Valley with any similar courses,

which I respected for many years.

‡

I remember that date very well because it was also the day I was arrested at my home for computer-related-

activities around my Intel contract, a series of felony charges for which I was later convicted.

xiv | Preface

For two years, I worked closely with Tom Phoenix in his role as lead trainer and content

manager for Stonehenge, giving him charter to experiment with the “Llama” course by

moving things around and breaking things up. When we had come up with what we

thought was the best major revision of the course, I contacted O’Reilly and said, “It’s

time for a new book!” And that became the third edition.

Two years after writing the third edition of the Llama, Tom and I decided it was time

to push our follow-on “advanced” course out into the world as a book, for people

writing programs that are “100 to 10,000 lines of code.” And together we created the

first Alpaca book, released in 2003.

But fellow instructor brian d foy was just getting back from the conflict in the Gulf, and

had noticed that we could use some rewriting in both books because our courseware

still needed to track the changing needs of the typical student. So, he pitched the idea

to O’Reilly to take on rewriting both the Llama and the Alpaca one final time before

Perl 6 (we hope). This fifth edition of the Llama reflects those changes. brian was really

the lead writer, working with my occasional guidance, and has done a brilliant job of

the usual “herding cats” that a multiple-writer team generally feels like.

On December 18, 2007, the perl5porters released Perl 5.10, a significant new version

of Perl with several new features. The previous version, 5.8, had focused on the

underpinnings of Perl and its Unicode support. The latest version, starting from the

stable 5.8 foundation, was able to add completely new features, some of which it bor-

rowed from the development of Perl 6 (not yet released). Some of these features, such

as named captures in regular expressions, are much better than the old ways of doing

things, thus perfect for Perl beginners. We hadn’t thought about a fifth edition of this

book, but Perl 5.10 was so much better that we couldn’t resist.

Some of the differences you may notice from prior editions:

• The text is updated for the latest version, Perl 5.10, and some of the code only

works with that version. We note in the text when we are talking about a Perl 5.10

feature, and we mark those code sections with a special use statement that ensures

you’re using the right version:

use 5.010; # this script requires Perl 5.10 or greater

If you don’t see that use 5.010 in a code example, it should work all the way back

to Perl 5.6. To see which version of Perl you have, try the -v command-line switch:

prompt% perl -v

Here are some of the new features from Perl 5.10 that we cover, and where appropriate,

we still show you the old ways of doing the same thing:

• There is more information in the regular expression chapters, covering the new

features from Perl 5.10. These include relative back references (Chapter 7), new

character classes (Chapter 7), and named captures (Chapter 8).

Preface | xv

• Perl 5.10 includes a switch statement, which it calls given-when. We cover it in

Chapter 15 along with the smart match operator.

• Subroutines now have static variables just like C does, although Perl calls them

state variables. They persist between calls to the subroutine and are lexically

scoped. We cover that in Chapter 4.

Acknowledgments

From Randal. I want to thank the Stonehenge trainers past and present (Joseph Hall,

Tom Phoenix, Chip Salzenberg, brian d foy, and Tad McClellan) for their willingness

to go out and teach in front of classrooms week after week and to come back with their

notes about what’s working (and what’s not), so we could fine-tune the material for

this book. I especially want to single out my coauthor and business associate, Tom

Phoenix, for having spent many, many hours working to improve Stonehenge’s Llama

course and to provide the wonderful core text for most of this book. And brian d foy

for being the lead writer of the fourth edition, including taking that eternal to-do item

out of my inbox so that it would finally happen.

I also want to thank everyone at O’Reilly, especially our very patient editor and overseer

on the previous edition, Allison Randal (no relation, but she has a nicely spelled last

name), and Tim O’Reilly himself for taking a chance on me in the first place with the

Camel and Llama books.

I am also absolutely indebted to the thousands of people who have purchased the past

editions of the Llama so that I could use the money to stay “off the streets and out of

jail,” and to those students in my classrooms who have trained me to be a better trainer,

and to the stunning array of Fortune 1000 clients who have purchased our classes in

the past and will continue to do so into the future.

As always, a special thanks to Lyle and Jack, for teaching me nearly everything I know

about writing. I won’t ever forget you guys.

From Tom. I’ve got to echo Randal’s thanks to everyone at O’Reilly. For the third

edition of this book, Linda Mui was our editor, and I still thank her, for her patience

in pointing out which jokes and footnotes were most excessive (she is in no way to

blame for the ones that remain). Both she and Randal have guided me through the

writing process, and I am grateful. On the fourth edition, Allison Randal stepped in as

editor, and my thanks go to her as well.

I also echo Randal with regard to the other Stonehenge trainers, who hardly ever com-

plained when I unexpectedly updated the course materials to try out a new teaching

technique. You folks have contributed many different viewpoints on teaching methods

that I would never have seen.

xvi | Preface

For many years, I worked at the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry (OMSI), and

I’d like to thank the folks there for letting me hone my teaching skills as I learned to

build a joke or two into every activity, explosion, or dissection.

To the many folks on Usenet who have given me your appreciation and encouragement

for my contributions there, thanks. As always, I hope this helps.

Also to my many students, who have shown me with their questions (and befuddled

looks) when I needed to try a new way of expressing a concept. I hope that the present

edition helps to relieve any remaining puzzlement.

Of course, deep thanks are due especially to my coauthor Randal for giving me the

freedom to try various ways of presenting the material both in the classroom and here

in the book, as well as for the push to make this material into a book in the first place.

And without fail, I must say that I am indeed inspired by your ongoing work to ensure

that no one else becomes ensnared by the legal troubles that have stolen so much of

your time and energy; you’re a fine example.

To my wife, Jenna, thanks for being a cat person, and everything thereafter.

From brian. I have to thank Randal first, since I learned Perl from the first edition of

this book, and then had to learn it again when he asked me to start teaching for Stone-

henge in 1998. Teaching is often the best way to learn. Since then Randal has mentored

me not only in Perl, but in several other things he thought I needed to learn, like the

time he decided that we could use Smalltalk instead of Perl for a demonstration at a

web conference. I’m always amazed at the breadth of his knowledge. He’s the one who

told me to start writing about Perl. Now I’m helping out on the book where I started.

I’m honored, Randal.

I’ve probably only actually seen Tom Phoenix for less than two weeks in the entire time

I’ve worked for Stonehenge, but I’ve been teaching his version of our Learning Perl

course for years. That version turned into the third edition of this book. Teaching Tom’s

new version, I found new ways to explain almost everything, and learned even more

corners of Perl.

When I convinced Randal that I should help out on the Llama update, I was anointed

as the maker of the proposal to the publisher, the keeper of the outline, and the version

control wrangler. Our editor on the fourth edition, Allison Randal, helped me get set

up in all of those roles and endured my frequent emails without complaining.

Special non-Perl thanks to Stacey, Buster, Mimi, Roscoe, Amelia, Lila, and everyone

else who tried to distract me while I was busy but still talked to me even though I

couldn’t come out to play.

From All of Us. Thanks to our reviewers David H. Adler, Andy Armstrong, Dave Cross,

Chris Devers, Paul Fenwick, Stephen B. Jenkins, Matthew Musgrove, Steve Peters, and

Wil Wheaton for providing comments on the draft of this book.

Preface | xvii

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