Oracle数据库架构深入探索

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"Expert_Oracle_Database_Architecture_2nd_Edition" 《Expert Oracle Database Architecture 2nd Edition》是Oracle数据库领域的一本权威著作，由知名的Oracle专家Thomas Kyte撰写， Jonathan Lewis和Ken Jacobs（也被称为“Dr.DBA”）为本书作序。这本书主要针对Oracle Database 9i, 10g, 和11g版本，提供了深入的数据库架构知识和技术解决方案。在Oracle数据库的世界里，理解其体系结构是成为一名优秀的DBA（数据库管理员）的关键。这本书旨在帮助读者充分利用Oracle技术，通过作者理性且注重实例验证的方法论，提升读者对技术的理解和应用能力。正如Ken Jacobs所言，这本书是每一个Oracle技术从业者不可或缺的参考书之一，它能帮助读者成为一个更好的技术思考者。书中涵盖了大量关于Oracle技术的深度洞察，例如数据库的物理存储、内存结构、查询优化、事务处理、并发控制、备份与恢复、性能调优等方面。作者Thomas Kyte以其丰富的经验和深入的理解，解析了Oracle数据库的诸多复杂问题，提供了一系列实用的编程技巧和解决策略。对于那些希望深入学习Oracle数据库内部工作原理，以及希望提高在实际工作中解决问题能力的开发者和DBA来说，这本书是一份宝贵的资源。读者将学习到如何设计高效的数据模型，优化SQL查询，理解并调整数据库的配置以适应不同的工作负载，以及如何应对各种故障和性能挑战。此外，书中还可能涉及到Oracle的最新特性，如在11g中引入的自动管理功能、高级安全性选项、实时应用集群(RAC)技术等，这些都是Oracle数据库管理员需要掌握的核心技能。《Expert Oracle Database Architecture 2nd Edition》是一本全面、深入的Oracle数据库指南，适合从初学者到高级用户的各个层次的读者，无论你是想要提升个人技术水平，还是解决实际工作中的难题，都能从中受益匪浅。通过阅读本书，你将能够更深入地了解Oracle数据库的运作机制，并有能力解决实际环境中遇到的各种挑战。

■ CONTENTS

xiv

■ Chapter 12: Datatypes......................................................................................493

An Overview of Oracle Datatypes ................................................................................493

Character and Binary String Types..............................................................................496

NLS Overview .....................................................................................................................................496

Character Strings................................................................................................................................499

Binary Strings: RAW Types ..........................................................................................506

Number Types..............................................................................................................508

NUMBER Type Syntax and Usage .......................................................................................................510

BINARY_FLOAT/BINARY_DOUBLE Type Syntax and Usage.................................................................513

Non-native Number Types..................................................................................................................514

Performance Considerations ..............................................................................................................514

Long Types ..................................................................................................................516

Restrictions on LONG and LONG RAW Types ......................................................................................516

Coping with Legacy LONG Types ........................................................................................................518

Dates, Timestamps, and Interval Types.......................................................................523

Formats ..............................................................................................................................................523

DATE Type ..........................................................................................................................................525

TIMESTAMP Type................................................................................................................................531

INTERVAL Type ...................................................................................................................................538

LOB Types....................................................................................................................541

Internal LOBs ......................................................................................................................................541

BFILEs.................................................................................................................................................552

ROWID/UROWID Types .................................................................................................554

Summary .....................................................................................................................555

■ Chapter 13: Partitioning...................................................................................557

Partitioning Overview ..................................................................................................557

Increased Availability .........................................................................................................................558

Reduced Administrative Burden .........................................................................................................560

Enhanced Statement Performance.....................................................................................................564

■ CONTENTS

Table Partitioning Schemes.........................................................................................566

Range Partitioning ..............................................................................................................................567

Hash Partitioning ................................................................................................................................569

List Partitioning ..................................................................................................................................574

Interval Partitioning ............................................................................................................................575

Reference Partitioning........................................................................................................................581

Composite Partitioning .......................................................................................................................586

Row Movement...................................................................................................................................588

Table Partitioning Schemes Wrap-up.................................................................................................590

Partitioning Indexes.....................................................................................................591

Local Indexes vs. Global Indexes........................................................................................................592

Local Indexes......................................................................................................................................593

Global Indexes ....................................................................................................................................599

Partitioning and Performance, Revisited .....................................................................612

Auditing and Segment Space Compression.................................................................618

Summary .....................................................................................................................619

■ Chapter 14: Parallel Execution.........................................................................621

When to Use Parallel Execution ...................................................................................622

A Parallel Processing Analogy ............................................................................................................623

Oracle Exadata.............................................................................................................624

Parallel Query ..............................................................................................................624

Parallel DML.................................................................................................................630

Parallel DDL .................................................................................................................633

Parallel DDL and Data Loading Using External Tables........................................................................634

Parallel DDL and Extent Trimming......................................................................................................636

Parallel Recovery.........................................................................................................645

Procedural Parallelism.................................................................................................645

Parallel Pipelined Functions ...............................................................................................................646

Do-It-Yourself Parallelism ..................................................................................................................649

■ CONTENTS

xvi

Old School Do-It-Yourself Parallelism ................................................................................................652

Summary .....................................................................................................................656

■ Chapter 15: Data Loading and Unloading.........................................................657

SQL*Loader..................................................................................................................657

Loading Data with SQLLDR FAQs........................................................................................................661

SQLLDR Caveats .................................................................................................................................686

SQLLDR Summary ..............................................................................................................................686

External Tables ............................................................................................................686

Setting Up External Tables .................................................................................................................687

Dealing with Errors.............................................................................................................................693

Using an External Table to Load Different Files..................................................................................696

Multiuser Issues .................................................................................................................................696

External Tables Summary...................................................................................................................697

Flat File Unload............................................................................................................698

Data Pump Unload .......................................................................................................706

Summary .....................................................................................................................708

■ Chapter 16: Data Encryption ............................................................................709

Types of Encryption .....................................................................................................709

Data in Motion ....................................................................................................................................709

Data at Rest ........................................................................................................................................710

Manual Application Encryption...........................................................................................................713

The Oracle Wallet ...............................................................................................................................714

Transparent Column Level Encryption................................................................................................717

Transparent Tablespace Encryption ...................................................................................................719

What Encryption Is Not About ......................................................................................722

Implementing Manual Application Encryption .............................................................723

Reasons to Avoid the Manual Approach .............................................................................................723

Performance Implications of the Manual Approach ...........................................................................724

When to Use the Manual Approach ....................................................................................................729

■ FOREWORD FROM THE FIRST EDITION

xviii

Foreword

I first met the Oracle RDBMS some time in 1988, or possibly 1987, when my manager dumped a small

box on my desk and said something like: “There’s this new product called Oracle just coming into the

country. Play around with it for a few weeks and then tell us what it’s good for.”

The version was something like 5.0.22, and in those days it was a lot easier getting started with

Oracle. The entire printed manual set—including Forms 2.0, SQL*Report, and everything else—would fit

into a small briefcase and the documentation for the create table statement ran to about three pages.

If you check the PDF file for the 11.2 SQL reference manual, you’ll find that create table currently

starts at page 16-6 and runs on to page 16-79 for a total of 74 pages. The last time I checked the total page

count was for 9i, and that was more than 20,000 pages—and I doubt if the number has dropped in 10g

and 11g.

With three (fairly slim) manuals for 5.0.22, it didn’t take me very long to learn about everything that

Oracle was supposed to do and how to do it efficiently. There weren’t many options, so there weren’t

many ways to do things wrong. But how do you get started today when the core of Oracle is hidden

under a huge mass of options and features? Worse, the details you really need to understand are covered

by a mountain of information that is nice to have, but not critical to getting started.

The answer is simple.

Step 1: Read the concepts manual so you have an idea of what it’s all about.

Step 2: Read Tom Kyte’s book so that you can follow a rational progression of learning and

experimenting that leads you from your first “select ‘hello world’ from dual” to the day when you can

confidently say things like “we should use a range partitioned IOT with these columns in the overflow for

this table because … .”

Tom combines three things in this book: a conversational style that makes it easier to read about

technical details and understand the “why” behind the “how”; a structured “storyline” so that you see

the text building towards a target rather than scattering a disjointed collection of random tips; and an

array of carefully constructed demonstrations that teach you how things work and how you should work

and think.

Consider just one example, indexing. There are many types of indexes, so we need a brief

introduction to separate the different types. It’s good to have an idea of how B-tree indexes (for example)

actually work so that we can understand their strengths and weaknesses. Then we can move on to the

idea of function-based indexes—indexes on “data that don’t really exist.” This gets us to the point of

understanding what Oracle can do, but we can (and do) go further with what we can do with Oracle. So

we see how we can put the pieces together to create an index that guarantees uniqueness across subsets

of the data, we see how we can—on a huge data set—create a tiny, low-maintenance index that identifies

exactly the data that we really want to access and minimizes the risk of the optimizer producing a silly

execution plan.

In principle, it’s all in the manuals, but only if we have the insight to take the naked descriptions of

the available commands and see how we can use them to construct solutions to real problems. Tom Kyte

supplies that insight, and then encourages you to go further in developing your own insights.

Frankly, if every DBA and developer in the world were made to work carefully through Tom Kyte’s

book, I’d probably have to start offering consultancy services to SQL Server users because the number of

clients needing Oracle consultancy would drop dramatically.

Jonathan Lewis

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