Analysis of Reprogramming Process
and the Influence Factors
Yanning Cai, Xianhua Dai
Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering
Sun Yat-Sen University
Guangzhou, China
caiyanningmitl@sina.com
Abstract—The recent discovery that differentiated cells can be
reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like pluripotent
state, so-called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), by the
expression of just a few transcription factors in somatic cells has
led to renewed hope for patient specific stem cell therapies.
However, the mechanism is not clear and the reprogramming of
differentiated cells to iPS cells is inefficient. Besides, many iPS
cells carry persistent DNA damage and chromosomal
aberrations. By integrating and linking all available information
from in vitro and in vivo systems, it may become possible to
explain experimental outcomes that are currently largely
stochastic in nature, with deterministic models of
reprogramming. During the process, cell epigenetics, the
expression of genes and transcription factors (TF) all take effect
via the cell cycles. Therefore, any events such as methylated and
the regulation of p53 can affect the reprogramming efficiency.
Recently, many study discover that nuclear reprogramming of
somatic cells to a pluripotent state deals with reactivation of
functional telomerase and extension of telomeres. Such
mechanism is relevant to tumourigenicity, partly explains the
instability of the DNA. In this paper, a model consistent with
diverse observations is developed and the influence factors are
analysed as well.
Keywords-reprogramming; cell cycle; transcription factor;
gene epigenetics; telomere
I. INTRODUCTION
Nuclear reprogramming presents a possible route towards
cell replacement therapy. The prospect of cell replacement via
reprogramming has recently gained interest with the rapid
development of the iPS technology. This procedure requires
the overexpression of transcription factors in somatic cells in
order to reprogram them to an ES-like state. This technique
however is relatively inefficient and the underlying mechanism
seems difficult to analyze since the process has been deemed
stochastic. Despite considerable effort, we remain ignorant of
essential mechanisms. Recent study gives some clues in
molecular that interactions initiate reprogramming and the
precise cascade of events. By integrating and linking all
available information from in vitro and in vivo systems, it may
become possible to replace experimental outcomes that are
currently largely stochastic in nature, with deterministic
models of reprogramming[1] .
Cellular identity is determined by both epigenetic and
genetic states. Epigenetic include chromatin marks and DNA
methylation. Expression profile stands for genetic. They all
influence the reprogramming process[2] . Previously, iPS cells
are usually generated by ectopic expression of four
transcription factors(Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc). Some labs
tried to qualify the efficiency and timescales of crucial events
occurring during in vitro reprogramming to pluripotency. To
circumvent the need for virus-mediated transduction and
reduce the heterogeneity of reprogramming factor expression,
a secondary reprogramming transgenic system was devised
where all somatic cells carry the same integration pattern of
drug-inducible[3] . Other nuclear reprogramming technologies
such as nuclear transplant and nuclear fusion are compared to
the technology which used to obtain iPS. The results suggest
that those four factors may not necessary and it probably exits
some unknown factors[4] . Moreover, the quality of each
factor is vital[3] .
Growing scientific evidence is accumulating suggesting
the tantalizing possibility that a push to the cell cycle is all we
need to achieve pluripotency and define cell fate. All the
factors mentioned above are all influenced the reprogramming
process via cell cycle. It is obvious that the cell cycle plays a
major role in maintaining and sustaining pluripotency of cells
because modification of it will cause cell cycle crisis and later
apoptosis[5] .
Telomere shortening is associated with organismal aging.
Telomeres are elongated in iPS cells compared to the parental
differentiated cells both when using four (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4,
cMyc) or three (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4) reprogramming factors
and both from young and aged individuals. It has been
demonstrated genetically that, during reprogramming,
telomere elongation is usually mediated by telomerase and that
iPS telomeres acquire the epigenetic marks of ES cells. These
results highlight the importance of telomere biology for iPS
cell generation and functionality[6] .
II. S
TOCHASTIC AND DETERMINISTIC MECHANISMS IN
REPROGRAMMING
Reprogramming can be achieved by stochastic and
deterministic mechanisms. We regard a deterministic
mechanism as that in which one or more steps are temporally
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