深入浅出Java编程： Thinking in Java 4th

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"Thinking in Java 4th" 本书《Thinking in Java 4th》是 Java 语言的经典教程之一，由 Bruce Eckel 撰写。该书涵盖了 Java 语言的基础语法到高级特性，包括面向对象概念、多线程、自动项目构建、单元测试和调试等。书中通过小而直接的编程示例，将晦涩的概念化解于无形，帮助读者轻松掌握 Java 语言。 **面向对象概念** 在 Java 语言中，面向对象概念是核心概念之一。该书详细介绍了面向对象编程的基本概念，包括类、对象、继承、多态、封装、抽象等。通过实践编程示例，读者可以轻松掌握面向对象编程的基本思想。 **多线程** 多线程是 Java 语言中的高级特性之一，该书详细介绍了多线程编程的基本概念，包括线程的创建、线程的生命周期、线程的同步等。通过实践编程示例，读者可以轻松掌握多线程编程的基本思想。 **自动项目构建** 自动项目构建是 Java 语言中的高级特性之一，该书详细介绍了自动项目构建的基本概念，包括 Maven、Gradle 等构建工具的使用。通过实践编程示例，读者可以轻松掌握自动项目构建的基本思想。 **单元测试和调试** 单元测试和调试是 Java 语言中的重要概念之一，该书详细介绍了单元测试和调试的基本概念，包括 JUnit、TestNG 等测试框架的使用。通过实践编程示例，读者可以轻松掌握单元测试和调试的基本思想。 **Java 语言基础语法** 该书还涵盖了 Java 语言的基础语法，包括变量、数据类型、运算符、控制流程语句、数组、泛型等。通过实践编程示例，读者可以轻松掌握 Java 语言的基础语法。 **高级特性** 该书还涵盖了 Java 语言的高级特性，包括枚举类型、并发、图形化用户界面等。通过实践编程示例，读者可以轻松掌握 Java 语言的高级特性。《Thinking in Java 4th》是 Java 语言的经典教程之一，对于 Java 语言的学习和掌握具有重要的参考价值。

final methods ............................ 186

final classes ............................... 187

final caution .............................. 188

Initialization

and class loading ................ 189

Initialization with inheritance ... 189

Summary ............................. 191

Polymorphism 193

Upcasting revisited ............. 193

Forgetting the object type .......... 194

The twist ............................. 196

Method-call binding .................. 196

Producing the right behavior ..... 196

Extensibility ............................... 199

Pitfall: “overriding”

private methods ...................... 202



Pitfall: fields

and static methods .................. 203



Constructors and

polymorphism ................... 204

Order of constructor calls ......... 204

Inheritance and cleanup ........... 206

Behavior of polymorphic

methods inside constructors .... 210



Covariant return types ........ 211

Designing

with inheritance .................. 212

Substitution vs. extension ......... 213

Downcasting and

runtime type information ......... 215



Summary ............................. 217

Interfaces 219

Abstract classes

and methods ....................... 219

Interfaces ........................... 222

Complete decoupling ......... 225

“Multiple inheritance”

in Java ................................ 230

Extending an interface with

inheritance .......................... 231

Name collisions when

combining Interfaces ................233



Adapting to an interface .... 234

Fields in interfaces ............ 235

Initializing fields in interfaces .. 236

Nesting interfaces .............. 237

Interfaces and factories ..... 239

Summary ............................. 241

Inner Classes 243

Creating inner classes ........ 243

The link to

the outer class .................... 244

Using .this and .new ........ 246

Inner classes

and upcasting ..................... 247

Inner classes in

methods and scopes ........... 249

Anonymous

inner classes ........................ 251

Factory Method revisited .......... 254

Nested classes .................... 256

Classes inside interfaces ............ 257

Reaching outward from

a multiplynested class ............... 259



Why inner classes? ............. 259

Closures & callbacks .................. 261

Inner classes &

control frameworks ................... 263



Inheriting from

inner classes ....................... 269

Can inner classes

be overridden? ................... 269

Local inner classes .............. 271

Inner-class identifiers ........ 272

Summary ............................ 273

Holding Your Objects 275

Generics and

type-safe containers ........... 276

Basic concepts .................... 278

Adding groups

of elements ......................... 279

Printing containers ............ 281

List ..................................... 283

Iterator ............................. 286

ListIterator ............................ 288

LinkedList ....................... 289

Stack ................................. 291

Set ...................................... 292

Map ................................... 295

Queue ................................ 298

PriorityQueue ........................ 299

Collection vs. Iterator ... 301

Foreach and iterators ......... 304

The Adapter Method idiom ...... 306

Summary ............................ 308

Error Handling

with Exceptions 313

Concepts ............................. 313

Basic exceptions.................. 314

Exception arguments ................. 315

Catching an exception ........ 315

The try block ............................. 316

Exception handlers .................... 316

Creating your

own exceptions ................... 317

Exceptions and logging .............. 319

The exception

specification ....................... 322

Catching any exception ..... 323

The stack trace .......................... 324

Rethrowing an exception ........... 325

Exception chaining .................... 327

Standard Java

exceptions .......................... 330

Special case:

RuntimeException ............... 330



Performing cleanup

with finally ....................... 332

What’s finally for? .................... 333

Using finally during return .... 335

Pitfall: the lost exception .......... 336

Exception restrictions ....... 338

Constructors ...................... 340

Exception matching ........... 344

Alternative approaches ...... 345

History ...................................... 346

Perspectives ............................... 347

Passing exceptions

to the console ............................ 349



Converting checked

to unchecked exceptions ........... 350



Exception guidelines ......... 352

Summary ............................ 352

Strings 355

Immutable Strings ............355

Overloading ‘+’ vs.

StringBuilder ................. 356

Unintended recursion ....... 359

Operations on Strings ....... 361

Formatting output ............. 362

printf() .................................... 363

System.out.format() ............ 363

The Formatter class ............... 363

Format specifiers ...................... 364

Formatter conversions ........... 366

String.format() ..................... 368

Regular expressions ........... 370

Basics .........................................370

Creating regular expressions ..... 372

Quantifiers ................................. 374

Pattern and Matcher ............. 375

split() ........................................382

Replace operations .................... 383

reset() .......................................384

Regular expressions

and Java I/O .............................. 385



Scanning input ................... 386

Scanner delimiters ................. 388

Scanning with

regular expressions ................... 389



StringTokenizer ............. 389

Summary ............................ 391

Type Information 393

The need for RTTI .............. 393

The Class object ................ 395

Class literals ............................... 399

Generic class references ............ 401

New cast syntax ........................ 403

Checking before a cast ....... 404

Using class literals .................... 409

A dynamic instanceof .............. 411

Counting recursively .................. 412

Registered factories ........... 413

instanceof vs. Class

equivalence......................... 416

Reflection: runtime

class information ................ 417

A class method extractor ........... 418

Dynamic proxies ................ 420

Null Objects ........................ 424

Mock Objects & Stubs ................ 429

Interfaces and

type information ................ 430

Summary ............................ 436

Generics 439

Comparison with C++ ........ 440

Simple generics .................. 440

A tuple library ............................ 442

A stack class ............................... 444

RandomList ............................ 445

Generic interfaces .............. 446

Generic methods ................ 449

Leveraging type

argument inference ...................450



Varargs and generic methods .... 452

A generic method

to use with Generators............ 453



A general-purpose Generator . 453

Simplifying tuple use ................. 455

A Set utility................................ 456

Anonymous

inner classes ....................... 459

Building

complex models ................. 460

The mystery of erasure ...... 462

The C++ approach .................... 464

Migration compatibility ............ 466

The problem with erasure ......... 467

The action at the boundaries .... 468

Compensating

for erasure ........................... 471

Creating instances of types ........ 472

Arrays of generics ...................... 475

Bounds ............................... 479

Wildcards ........................... 482

How smart is the compiler? ...... 484

Contravariance .......................... 485

Unbounded wildcards ............... 488

Capture conversion ................... 492

Issues ................................. 493

No primitives

as type parameters .................... 493



Implementing

parameterized interfaces ........... 495



Casting and warnings ............... 496

Overloading ............................... 498

Base class hijacks an interface .. 498

Self-bounded types ............ 500

Curiously recurring generics .... 500

Self-bounding ............................ 501

Argument covariance ................ 503

Dynamic type safety .......... 506

Exceptions ......................... 507

Mixins ................................ 509

Mixins in C++ ........................... 509

Mixing with interfaces ............... 510

Using the Decorator pattern ....... 511

Mixins with dynamic proxies .... 512

Latent typing ....................... 514

Compensating for

the lack of latent typing ...... 518

Reflection ................................... 518

Applying a method

to a sequence .............................. 519



When you don’t happen

to have the right interface .......... 521



Simulating latent typing

with adapters ............................. 523



Using function objects

as strategies ....................... 526

Summary: Is casting

really so bad? ...................... 531

Further reading .......................... 533

Arrays 535

Why arrays are special ........535

Arrays are

first-class objects ............... 536

Returning an array ............. 539

Multidimensional

arrays .................................. 540

Arrays and generics ........... 543

Creating test data ............... 546

Arrays.fill() ............................. 546

Data Generators ...................... 547

Creating arrays

from Generators ..................... 551



Arrays utilities .................. 555

Copying an array ........................ 555

Comparing arrays ...................... 556

Array element comparisons ...... 557

Sorting an array .........................560

Searching a sorted array ............ 561

Summary ............................ 564

Containers in Depth 567

Full container taxonomy .... 567

Filling containers ............... 568

A Generator solution .............. 569

Map generators ......................... 570

Using Abstract classes ............. 573

Collection

functionality ....................... 580

Optional operations ........... 582

Unsupported operations............ 583

List functionality ............... 586

Sets and storage order ...... 589

SortedSet ................................. 591

Queues ................................ 594

Priority queues ........................... 594

Deques ....................................... 595

Understanding Maps ........ 598

Performance .............................. 599

SortedMap ............................. 602

LinkedHashMap ................... 603

Hashing and hash codes .... 605

Understanding hashCodeQ .... 607

Hashing for speed ...................... 610

Overriding hashCode() ........... 613

Choosing

an implementation .............. 617

A performance

test framework ........................... 618



Choosing between Lists ............ 621

Microbenchmarking dangers .... 626

Choosing between Sets ............. 627

Choosing between Maps ........... 629

Utilities ............................... 632

Sorting and searching Lists ...... 635

Making a Collection

or Map unmodifiable ............... 636



Synchronizing a

Collection or Map ................... 637



Holding references ............ 639

The WeakHashMap .............. 640

Java 1.0/1.1 containers ...... 642

Vector & Enumeration ........ 642

Hashtable ............................... 643

Stack ........................................ 643

BitSet ....................................... 644

Summary ............................ 646

I/O 647

The File class .................... 647

A directory lister ........................ 647

Directory utilities ...................... 650

Checking for

and creating directories ............. 654



Input and output ............... 656

Types of InputStream ............. 657

Types of OutputStream ......... 658

Adding attributes

and useful interfaces .......... 659

Reading from an InputStream

with FilterlnputStream ........ 660



Writing to an OutputStream

with FilterOutputStream ...... 661



Readers & Writers ......... 662

Sources and sinks of data ......... 662

Modifying stream behavior ...... 663

Unchanged classes .................... 664

Off by itself:

RandomAccessFile ....... 665

Typical uses

of I/O streams .................... 665

Buffered input file ...................... 665

Input from memory .................. 666

Formatted memory input .......... 667

Basic file output ........................ 668

Storing and recovering data ..... 669

Reading and writing

random-access files .................. 670



Piped streams ............................ 672

File reading

& writing utilities ............... 672

Reading binary files ................... 674

Standard I/O ....................... 675

Reading from standard input .... 675

Changing System.out

to a PrintWriter ...................... 676



Redirecting standard I/O .......... 676

Process control ................... 677

New I/O ............................. 679

Converting data.......................... 681

Fetching primitives ................... 684

View buffers ............................... 685

Data manipulation

with buffers ............................... 688



Buffer details ............................. 689

Memory-mapped files ............... 692

File locking ................................. 695

Compression ...................... 698

Simple compression

with GZIP .................................. 698



Multifile storage with Zip .......... 699

Java ARchives (JARs) ................ 701

Object serialization ............ 703

Finding the class ........................ 706

Controlling serialization ............ 707

Using persistence ....................... 713

XML .................................... 718

Preferences .......................... 721

Summary ............................ 722

Enumerated Types 725

Basic enum features ......... 725

Using static imports

with enums ............................... 726



Adding methods

to an enum ........................ 727

Overriding enum methods ....... 728

enums in

switch statements ............. 728

The mystery

of values() ........................ 729

Implements,

not inherits ......................... 732

Random selection .............. 732

Using interfaces

for organization .................. 734

Using EnumSet

instead of flags ................... 737

Using EnumMap ............. 739

Constant-specific

methods .............................. 740

Chain of Responsibility

with enums ............................... 743



State machines with enums ..... 746

Multiple dispatching ........... 751

Dispatching with enums .......... 753

Using

constant-specific methods ......... 755



Dispatching

with EnumMaps ...................... 756



Using a 2-D array ....................... 757

Summary ............................ 759



Annotations 761

Basic syntax ....................... 762

Defining annotations ................. 762

Meta-annotations ...................... 763

Writing

annotation processors ........ 765

Annotation elements ................. 765

Default value constraints ........... 766

Generating external files............ 766

Annotations don’t

support inheritance ................... 769



Implementing the processor...... 769

Using apt to

process annotations ............ 772

Using the Visitor pattern

with apt .............................. 775

Annotation-based

unit testing .......................... 778

Using @Unit with generics ....... 785

No “suites” necessary .................786

Implementing @Unit ............... 787

Removing test code .................... 792

Summary ............................. 795

Concurrency 797

The many faces of

concurrency ....................... 798

Faster execution .........................798

Improving code design ............. 800

Basic threading .................. 801

Defining tasks ............................ 801

The Thread class ..................... 802

Using Executors ..................... 804

Producing return values

from tasks ................................. 806



Sleeping ..................................... 808

Priority ...................................... 809

Yielding ...................................... 810

Daemon threads ......................... 810

Coding variations ....................... 814

Terminology ............................... 819

Joining a thread ......................... 819

Creating responsive

user interfaces ............................ 821



Thread groups ........................... 822

Catching exceptions .................. 822

Sharing resources .............. 824

Improperly

accessing resources ................... 825



Resolving shared

resource contention ................... 827



Atomicity and volatility ............. 831

Atomic classes ........................... 836

Critical sections .......................... 837

Synchronizing on

other objects .............................. 841



Thread local storage ..................843

Terminating tasks .............. 844

The ornamental garden ............ 844

Terminating when blocked ........ 847

Interruption .............................. 848

Checking for an interrupt .......... 854

Cooperation

between tasks ..................... 856

wait() and notifyAll() ............ 857

notify() vs. notifyAll() ........... 861

Producers and consumers ........ 863

Producer-consumers

and queues ................................ 868



Using pipes for I/O

between tasks ............................. 872



Deadlock ............................. 874

New library

components ........................ 879

CountDownLatch .................. 879

CyclicBarrier .......................... 881

DelayQueue ........................... 883

PriorityBlockingQueue....... 885

The greenhouse controller

with ScheduledExecutor ...... 887



Semaphore ............................. 890

Exchanger .............................. 893

Simulation .......................... 896

Bank teller simulation .............. 896

The restaurant simulation ........ 900

Distributing work ..................... 904

Performance tuning ........... 909

Comparing

mutex technologies ................... 909



Lock-free containers .................. 916

Optimistic locking...................... 922

ReadWriteLocks .................... 923

Active objects ..................... 925

Summary ............................ 929

Further reading .......................... 931

Graphical

User Interfaces 933

Applets ............................... 935

Swing basics ....................... 935

A display framework .................. 937

Making a button ................. 938

Capturing an event ............. 939

Text areas ........................... 941

Controlling layout .............. 942

BorderLayout ......................... 942

FlowLayout ............................. 943

GridLayout .............................. 944

GridBagLayout....................... 944

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