Python引领物联网：从零开始构建实战应用

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《Python物联网》是一本专为希望探索Python生态系统工具并构建自己的物联网应用的Python开发者设计的指南。该书旨在帮助读者快速原型化复杂的物联网项目，并将其付诸实际应用，特别是在可穿戴技术、智能环境和家庭自动化领域。书中内容涵盖了与Intel Galileo Gen 2板一起使用Python进行开发，通过MRAA库与硬件、传感器和执行器交互，实现DIY物联网项目的控制。书中深入介绍了如何使用Python作为编程语言，从零开始设计和实现物联网解决方案。你将学会如何利用Intel Galileo Gen 2板及其组件，包括但不限于使用Python操作UART和本地存储，以及与支持I2C总线的任何电子设备通信。此外，本书还将指导你如何让移动设备与主板互动，实现物联网的实时通信以及云服务集成。作者带你掌握关键技术，如如何在Python中编程实现脉宽调制（PWM），以读取、写入和转换数字值生成模拟输出。还会讲解复杂通信系统的使用，以便能与各种屏蔽、执行器和传感器无缝协作。随着学习的深入，你将学会处理传感器收集的数据，执行相应的动作，并通过WiFi、蓝牙和互联网连接将设备接入全球网络。在MQTT协议的支持下，你将能够在物联网设备上实现实时操作。通过阅读本书，你不仅能提升物联网技能，还能理解大数据和物联网分析的基本概念。作者采用循序渐进的教学方式，确保每个关键章节都包含实用示例，从而帮助读者逐步掌握Python在物联网领域的实践应用。版权信息表明，未经出版商书面许可，不得复制或传播本书的任何部分。尽管作者和Packt Publishing已尽力保证信息的准确性，但本书不提供任何形式的保证，无论是明示还是默示的，对因本书引起的任何直接或间接损失概不负责。同时，尽管Packt Publishing努力提供准确的商标信息，但不能保证其准确性。本书首次出版于2016年5月，生产参考编号为11，是一本紧跟行业前沿，适合想要通过Python探索物联网世界的专业人士和希望跨语言转型的开发者的重要参考资料。

[ v ]

Preface

Internet of Things, also known as IoT, is changing the way we live and represents

one of the biggest challenges in the IT industry. Developers are creating low-

cost devices that collect huge amounts of data, interact with each other, and take

advantage of cloud services and cloud-based storage. Makers all over the world are

working on fascinating projects that transform everyday objects into smart devices

with sensors and actuators.

A coffee cup is not a simple object anymore—it can send a message to your

smartwatch indicating that the liquid inside has the right temperature so that you

can drink it without worrying about checking whether it is too hot. In case you move

the coffee cup before you receive the message, your wearable vibrates to indicate that

you don't have to drink it yet.

You can check the coffee level of the coffee dispenser in your smartphone, and

you won't have to worry about ordering more coffee: the coffee dispenser will

automatically place an online order to request coffee when the coffee level is not

enough to cover the rest of the day. You just need to approve the online order that

the coffee dispenser suggests from your smartwatch. Based on certain statistical

algorithms, the coffee dispenser will know the appropriate time to make the order.

What happens when more usual visitors arrive at the ofce? Their smartwatches

or smartphones will communicate with the coffee dispensers and they will place

orders in case the probable consumption of decaffeinated coffee increases too much.

We have smart coffee cups, smart coffee dispensers, smartwatches, smartphones,

and wearables. All of them take advantage of the cloud to create a smart ecosystem

capable of providing us with all the different types of coffees we need for our day.

Preface

[ vi ]

The Intel Galileo Gen 2 board is an extremely powerful and versatile minicomputer

board for IoT projects. We can boot a Linux version and easily execute Python scripts

that can interact with the different components included on the board. This book will

teach you to develop IoT prototypes, from selecting the hardware to all the necessary

stacks with Python 2.7.3, its libraries, and tools. In case you need a smaller board or

an alternative, all the examples included in the book are compatible with Intel Edison

boards, and therefore, you can switch to this board in case you need to.

Python is one of the most popular programming languages. It is open source,

multiplatform, and you can use it to develop any kind of application, from websites

to extremely complex scientic computing applications. There is always a Python

package that makes things easier for us in order to avoid reinventing the wheel and

solve problems faster. Python is an ideal choice for developing a complete IoT stack.

This book covers all the things you need to know to transform everyday objects into

IoT projects.

This book will allow you to prototype and develop IoT solutions from scratch with

Python as the programming language. You will leverage your existing Python

knowledge to capture data from the real world, interact with physical objects,

develop APIs, and use different IoT protocols. You will use specic libraries to easily

work with low-level hardware, sensors, actuators, buses, and displays. You will learn

how to take advantage of all the Python packages with the Intel Galileo Gen 2 board.

You will be ready to become a maker and to be a part of the exciting IoT world.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Understanding and Setting up the Base IoT Hardware, start us off on our

journey towards Internet of Things (IoT) with Python and the Intel Galileo Gen 2

board. We will learn the different features offered by this board and visualize its

different components. We will understand the meaning of the different pins, LEDs,

and connectors. We will learn to check the board's rmware version and to update

if necessary.

Chapter 2, Working with Python on Intel Galileo Gen 2, leads us through many

procedures that make it possible to work with Python as the main programming

language to create IoT projects with our Intel Galileo Gen 2 board. We will write a

Linux Yocto image to a microSD card, congure the board to make it boot this image,

update many libraries to use their latest versions, and launch the Python interpreter.

Preface

[ vii ]

Chapter 3, Interacting with Digital Outputs with Python, teaches us how to work with

two different libraries to control digital outputs in Python: mraa and wiring-x86. We

will connect LEDs and resistors to a breadboard and write code to turn on between

0 to 9 LEDs. Then, we will improve our Python code to take advantage of Python's

object-oriented features, and we will prepare the code to make it easy to build an API

that will allow us to print numbers with LEDs with a REST API.

Chapter 4, Working with a RESTful API and Pulse Width Modulation, has us working

with Tornado Web Server, Python, the HTTPie command-line HTTP client, and the

mraa and wiring-x86 libraries. We will generate many versions of RESTful APIs that

will allow us to interact with the board in computers and devices connected to the

LAN. We will be able to compose and send HTTP requests that print numbers in

LEDs, change the brightness levels for three LEDs, and generate millions of colors

with an RGB LED.

Chapter 5, Working with Digital Inputs, Polling and Interrupts, explains the difference

between reading pushbutton statuses with polling and working with interrupts and

interrupt handlers. We will write code that will allow the user to perform the same

actions with either pushbuttons in the breadboard or HTTP requests. We will combine

code that reacts to changes in the statuses of the pushbuttons with a RESTful API built

with Tornado Web Server. We will create classes to encapsulate pushbuttons and the

necessary congurations with the mraa and wiring-x86 libraries.

Chapter 6, Working with Analog Inputs and Local Storage, explains how to work with

analog inputs to measure voltage values. We will measure voltages with an analog

pin and both the mraa and the wiring-x86 libraries. We will be able to transform a

variable resistor into a voltage source and make it possible to measure the darkness

level with an analog input, a photoresistor, and a voltage divider. We will re actions

when the environment light changes, and we will work with both analog inputs and

outputs. We will register events by taking advantage of the logging features included

in the Python standard library and the USB 2.0 connector included in the Intel

Galileo Gen 2 board.

Chapter 7, Retrieving Data From the Real World with Sensors, has us working with a

variety of sensors to retrieve data from the real world. We will take advantage of

the modules and classes included in the upm library that will make it easy for us

to start working with analog and digital sensors. We will learn the importance of

considering units of measurement because sensors always provide values measured

in a specic unit, which we must consider. We will measure the magnitude and

direction of proper acceleration or g-force, ambient temperature, and humidity.

Preface

[ viii ]

Chapter 8, Displaying Information and Performing Actions, teaches us about different

displays the we can connect to our board through the I

C bus. We will work with an

LCD display with an RGB backlight, and we will then replace it with an OLED dot

matrix. We will write code that takes advantage of the modules and classes included

in the upm library to work with LCD and OLED displays and show text on them.

We will also write code that interacts with an analog servo. We will control the shaft

to allow us to create a gauge chart to display the temperature value retrieved with a

sensor. Our Python code will make things move.

Chapter 9, Working with the Cloud, teaches you how to combine many cloud-based

services that will allow us to easily publish data collected from sensors and visualize

it in a web-based dashboard. We will work with the MQTT protocol and its

publish/subscribe model to process commands in our board and indicate when the

commands are successfully processed through messages. First, we will work with the

PubNub cloud that works with the MQTT protocol under the hood. Then, we will

develop the same example with Mosquitto and Eclipse Paho. We will be able to write

applications that can establish bidirectional communications with our IoT devices.

Chapter 10, Analyzing Huge Amounts of Data with Cloud-based IoT Analytics, explains

the close relationship between IoT and Big Data. We will work with Intel IoT

Analytics, a cloud-based service that allows us to organize huge amounts of data

collected by multiple IoT devices and their sensors. We will use the requests package

to write a few lines of Python code to interact with the Intel IoT Analytics REST API.

We will learn about the different options that Intel IoT Analytics offers us to analyze

huge amounts of data, and we will dene rules to trigger alerts.

What you need for this book

In order to work with the different tools required to connect to the Intel Galileo Gen

2 board and launch the Python samples, you will need any computer with an Intel

Core i3 or higher CPU and at least 4 GB of RAM. You can work with any of the

following operating systems:

• Windows 7 or higher (Windows 8, Windows 8.1, or Windows 10)

• Mac OS X Mountain Lion or higher

• Any Linux version capable of running Python 2.7.x

• Any modern browser with JavaScript support.

You will also need an Intel Galileo Gen 2 board and a breadboard with 830 tie points

(holes for connections) and 2 power lanes.

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