Python语言参考手册(中文版)：完整解读

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"Python语言参考手册(中文完整版).pdf" Python是一种解释型、面向对象、高级编程语言，具有动态语义。它的高级内置数据结构，结合动态类型和动态绑定，使其成为快速开发应用的理想选择。这本手册是Python 2.3.3版本的官方参考文档，由Guido van Rossum编写，Fred L. Drake, Jr.担任编辑，并有一个专门的翻译团队将其翻译成中英文对照版本。该手册涵盖了Python的核心概念、语法、标准库以及语言的使用细节。手册中的主要内容可能包括但不限于以下几个方面： 1. **语法基础**：解释了Python的基本语法，如变量定义、赋值、注释、控制流（if-else、for、while循环）、函数定义、类和对象等。 2. **数据类型**：详细介绍了Python的内置数据类型，如整型（int）、浮点型（float）、复数（complex）、字符串（str）、列表（list）、元组（tuple）、字典（dict）和集合（set）。 3. **模块和包**：描述了如何导入和使用模块，以及如何组织代码库，包括包的创建和导入机制。 4. **面向对象编程**：深入讲解类与对象的概念，继承、多态、封装等特性，以及如何通过装饰器和元类来增强类的行为。 5. **异常处理**：介绍了错误和异常的处理方式，如try/except/finally语句用于捕获和处理程序运行时可能出现的问题。 6. **标准库**：列出了Python的标准库模块，如os、sys、math、json、re等，这些模块提供了大量的功能，涵盖网络通信、文件操作、数据序列化等多个领域。 7. **动态特性**：解释Python的动态类型系统，动态绑定和动态语义，以及如何在运行时改变对象的属性或类型。 8. **标准库中的函数和模块**：详细说明了Python标准库中各个函数和模块的功能和用法，帮助开发者充分利用Python的生态系统。 9. **标准库之外的扩展**：可能会提到第三方库，如NumPy、Pandas、Matplotlib等，这些库在科学计算、数据分析、图形绘制等方面有广泛应用。 10. **Python解释器**：介绍如何使用命令行解释器，以及如何通过交互式模式进行调试和测试代码。 11. **性能优化和调试**：可能包含有关如何提高Python代码性能的技巧，以及使用pdb等工具进行调试的方法。 12. **版权和许可证**：文档末尾提供了完整的版权和权限信息，Python遵循特定的开放源代码许可，允许非商业用途的自由传播。这本手册对Python初学者和有经验的开发者来说都是一份宝贵的资源，可以帮助他们理解和掌握Python语言的各个方面。同时，由于翻译工作可能存在不完善之处，读者在使用过程中如果发现任何问题或有改进的建议，可以通过指定的联系方式提供反馈，以便不断优化和完善文档内容。

(1) Individual code units which form parts of a surrogate pair can be encoded using this escape sequence.

(2) Any Unicode character can be encoded this way, but characters outside the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP)

will be encoded using a surrogate pair if Python is compiled to use 16-bit code units (the default). Individual

code units which form parts of a surrogate pair can be encoded using this escape sequence.

(3) As in Standard C, up to three octal digits are accepted.

(4) Unlike in Standard C, at most two hex digits are accepted.

Unlike Standard C, all unrecognized escape sequences are left in the string unchanged, i.e., the backslash is left

in the string. (This behavior is useful when debugging: if an escape sequence is mistyped, the resulting output

is more easily recognized as broken.) It is also important to note that the escape sequences marked as “(Unicode

only)” in the table above fall into the category of unrecognized escapes for non-Unicode string literals.

不像标准C, 所有不能被解释的转义序列留在串不作改变, 即反斜线留在串中(这个行为在调试中有用:

如果输入出错, 这样可以很容易地判断出错), 也要注意, 上面仅仅在Unicode中才有效的转义序列,在

非Unicode字面值中是无效的.

When an ‘r’ or ‘R’ preﬁx is present, a character following a backslash is included in the string without change,

and all backslashes are left in the string. For example, the string literal r"\n" consists of two characters: a

backslash and a lowercase ‘n’. String quotes can be escaped with a backslash, but the backslash remains in the

string; for example, r"\"" is a valid string literal consisting of two characters: a backslash and a double quote;

r"\" is not a valid string literal (even a raw string cannot end in an odd number of backslashes). Speciﬁcally,

a raw string cannot end in a single backslash (since the backslash would escape the following quote character).

Note also that a single backslash followed by a newline is interpreted as those two characters as part of the string,

not as a line continuation.

当给出’r’或’R’时, 跟随反斜线后面的字符不被改变, 并且所有制的反斜线字符都会留在串中.例

如,串r"\n"由两个字符组成:一个反斜线的一个小写的’n’.引用字符可以用反斜线引用, 但反斜线会留

在串中.比如r"\""是一个有效的串字面值(即使原始串不能以连续的奇数个反斜线结束). 另外, 原始不能

以一个反斜线结束(因为反斜线会把后面的引用字符转义), 也要注意新行号前的反斜线是解释为串中的两

个字符, 而不是作为续行处理.

When an ‘r’ or ‘R’ preﬁx is used in conjunction with a ‘u’ or ‘U’ preﬁx, then the \uXXXX escape sequence is

processed while all other backslashes are left in the string. For example, the string literal ur"\u0062\n" con-

sists of three Unicode characters: ‘LATIN SMALL LETTER B’, ‘REVERSE SOLIDUS’, and ‘LATIN SMALL

LETTER N’. Backslashes can be escaped with a preceding backslash; however, both remain in the string. As a

result, \uXXXX escape sequences are only recognized when there are an odd number of backslashes.

2.4.2 串字面值的连接String literal concatenation

Multiple adjacent string literals (delimited by whitespace), possibly using different quoting conventions, are

allowed, and their meaning is the same as their concatenation. Thus, "hello" ’world’ is equivalent to

"helloworld". This feature can be used to reduce the number of backslashes needed, to split long strings

conveniently across long lines, or even to add comments to parts of strings, for example:

多个相邻的串字面值(由空白分隔), 可能使用不同的引用习惯, 是允许的, 并且它的含义在连接时是一样的

行.因此, ”hello””world”等价于”helloworld”.这个待征可以用来减少原本要使用的反斜线的数目, 可以把一

个长串分隔在多行上,下班甚至在串的某个部分加上注释, 例如:

re.compile("[A-Za-z_]" # letter or underscore

"[A-Za-z0-9_]*" # letter, digit or underscore

)

Note that this feature is deﬁned at the syntactical level, but implemented at compile time. The ‘+’ operator must

be used to concatenate string expressions at run time. Also note that literal concatenation can use different quoting

styles for each component (even mixing raw strings and triple quoted strings).

注意这个功能是定义在句法层次上的, 但是是在编译时实现的.在运行时连接串必须使用”+”运算符. 并且

不同的引用字符可以混用, 甚至可以将原始串与三重引用串混着用.

10 第二章 2. 词法分析Lexical analysis

2.4.3 数值型的字面值Numeric literals

There are four types of numeric literals: plain integers, long integers, ﬂoating point numbers, and imaginary num-

bers. There are no complex literals (complex numbers can be formed by adding a real number and an imaginary

number).

存在有四种类型的数值型的字面值:普通整数,长整数, 浮点数和虚数.没有复数字面值(复数可以以一个实

数加上一个虚数的形式给出)

Note that numeric literals do not include a sign; a phrase like -1 is actually an expression composed of the unary

operator ‘-’ and the literal 1.

注意数值型的字面值不包括符号(译注:正负号), 像-1实际上是个组合了一元运算符”-”和字面值1的表达式.

2.4.4 整数和长整数型的字面值Integer and long integer literals

Integer and long integer literals are described by the following lexical deﬁnitions:

整数和长整数型字面值可以用以下词法定义:

longinteger ::= integer ("l" | "L")

integer ::= decimalinteger | octinteger | hexinteger

decimalinteger ::= nonzerodigit digit* | "0"

octinteger ::= "0" octdigit+

hexinteger ::= "0" ("x" | "X") hexdigit+

nonzerodigit ::= "1"..."9"

octdigit ::= "0"..."7"

hexdigit ::= digit | "a"..."f" | "A"..."F"

Although both lower case ‘l’ and upper case ‘L’ are allowed as sufﬁx for long integers, it is strongly recommended

to always use ‘L’, since the letter ‘l’ looks too much like the digit ‘1’.

虽然小写的”l”的大写的”L”都可以作为长整数的后缀, 但强烈火推荐使用”L”, 因为字母”l”看来太像数

字1了.

Plain integer literals that are above the largest representable plain integer (e.g., 2147483647 when using 32-bit

arithmetic) are accepted as if they were long integers instead.

There is no limit for long integer literals apart from

what can be stored in available memory.

普通十进制整数最大可以为2147483647(也就是使用32位比特数字的最大值),普通的八进制和十六进制数

可以4294967295, 但大于2147483647的数就通过减4294967295变为负数了.长整数的大小是没有限制的, 仅

仅受制于可用的内存容量.

Some examples of plain integer literals (ﬁrst row) and long integer literals (second and third rows):

下面是一些普通和长整数的例子:

7 2147483647 0177

3L 79228162514264337593543950336L 0377L 0x100000000L

79228162514264337593543950336 0xdeadbeef

2.4.5 浮点型的字面值Floating point literals

Floating point literals are described by the following lexical deﬁnitions:

浮点型的字面值可以用以下词法定义描述:

In versions of Python prior to 2.4, octal and hexadecimal literals in the range just above the largest representable plain integer but below the

largest unsigned 32-bit number (on a machine using 32-bit arithmetic), 4294967296, were taken as the negative plain integer obtained by

subtracting 4294967296 from their unsigned value.

2.4. 字面值Literals 11

floatnumber ::= pointfloat | exponentfloat

pointfloat ::= [intpart] fraction | intpart "."

exponentfloat ::= (intpart | pointfloat) exponent

intpart ::= digit+

fraction ::= "." digit+

exponent ::= ("e" | "E") ["+" | "-"] digit+

Note that the integer and exponent parts of ﬂoating point numbers can look like octal integers, but are interpreted

using radix 10. For example, ‘077e010’ is legal, and denotes the same number as ‘77e10’. The allowed range

of ﬂoating point literals is implementation-dependent. Some examples of ﬂoating point literals:

注意浮点数的整数部分的指数部分可以看起来像是个八进制数, 但实际上仍作为十进制处理, 例

如,”077e010”是合法的, 它等价于”77e10”.浮点数的允许范围是依赖于实现的,确良以是一些浮点数的

例子:

3.14 10. .001 1e100 3.14e-10 0e0

Note that numeric literals do not include a sign; a phrase like -1 is actually an expression composed of the operator

- and the literal 1.

注意数值型的字面值不包括符号(译注:正负号), 像-1实际上是个组合了一元运算符”-”和字面值1的表达式.

2.4.6 虚数的字面值Imaginary literals

Imaginary literals are described by the following lexical deﬁnitions:

虚数的字面值可以用下面的词法定义描述:

imagnumber ::= (floatnumber | intpart) ("j" | "J")

An imaginary literal yields a complex number with a real part of 0.0. Complex numbers are represented as a

pair of ﬂoating point numbers and have the same restrictions on their range. To create a complex number with a

nonzero real part, add a ﬂoating point number to it, e.g., (3+4j). Some examples of imaginary literals:

虚数是实部为零的复数, 复数表达成一对有着相同取值范围的浮点数对.为了创建一个有着非零实部的复

数,可以对它增加一个浮点数,例如,(3+4j). 下面是一些例子:

3.14j 10.j 10j .001j 1e100j 3.14e-10j

2.5 运算符Operators

The following tokens are operators:

以下符号是运算符:

+ - * ** / // %

<< >> & | ˆ ˜

< > <= >= == != <>

The comparison operators <> and != are alternate spellings of the same operator. != is the preferred spelling; <>

is obsolescent.

比较运算符¡¿和!=是可选的两个具有相同含义的符号. 但推荐使用!=, ¡¿是过时的写法.

2.6 分隔符Delimiters

The following tokens serve as delimiters in the grammar:

12 第二章 2. 词法分析Lexical analysis

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