PostgreSQL 9.4官方文档：英文版指南

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"PostgreSQL9.4手册是PostgreSQL全球开发团队编写的官方文档，针对的是PostgreSQL9.4.3版本。这份文档详细介绍了PostgreSQL数据库系统，一个功能强大、开源的对象关系型数据库管理系统。它由1996年至2015年间的PostgreSQL社区共同维护，版权归属PostgreSQL全球发展集团。版权信息表明，用户可以免费使用、复制、修改并分发这个软件及其文档，只要在所有副本中保留版权声明、本段及随后两段的完整内容。这种授权模式遵循Creative Commons或其他类似的开放源代码许可协议，允许广泛的社区参与和改进。值得注意的是，该手册包含了重要的法律条款，特别是关于责任限制的声明。根据文档，University of California（加州大学）及其 Regents 不对因使用该软件及其文档而产生的任何直接、间接、特殊或附带损害，包括但不限于经济损失，承担任何责任，即使他们已经知道此类损害的可能性。此外，手册还明确表示，University of California 特别放弃了关于适销性和特定用途的默示保证。这意味着用户应自行评估软件的适用性和性能，理解并接受可能存在的风险。PostgreSQL9.4手册是一个宝贵的资源，为开发者、管理员和用户提供了深入了解和操作PostgreSQL数据库的关键指南，无论是在学习、开发还是生产环境中。"

31.3.2. Retrieving Query Result Information ...................................................... 675

31.3.3. Retrieving Other Result Information .......................................................679

31.3.4. Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands .................................679

31.4. Asynchronous Command Processing...................................................................682

31.5. Retrieving Query Results Row-By-Row .............................................................. 686

31.6. Canceling Queries in Progress.............................................................................. 687

31.7. The Fast-Path Interface.........................................................................................688

31.8. Asynchronous Notiﬁcation...................................................................................689

31.9. Functions Associated with the COPY Command ..................................................690

31.9.1. Functions for Sending COPY Data............................................................690

31.9.2. Functions for Receiving COPY Data.........................................................691

31.9.3. Obsolete Functions for COPY ...................................................................692

31.10. Control Functions ............................................................................................... 694

31.11. Miscellaneous Functions ....................................................................................695

31.12. Notice Processing ............................................................................................... 697

31.13. Event System...................................................................................................... 698

31.13.1. Event Types............................................................................................ 698

31.13.2. Event Callback Procedure......................................................................700

31.13.3. Event Support Functions........................................................................701

31.13.4. Event Example....................................................................................... 702

31.14. Environment Variables .......................................................................................704

31.15. The Password File ..............................................................................................706

31.16. The Connection Service File ..............................................................................706

31.17. LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters..........................................................707

31.18. SSL Support........................................................................................................708

31.18.1. Client Veriﬁcation of Server Certiﬁcates ............................................... 708

31.18.2. Client Certiﬁcates...................................................................................709

31.18.3. Protection Provided in Different Modes ................................................709

31.18.4. SSL Client File Usage............................................................................711

31.18.5. SSL Library Initialization ......................................................................711

31.19. Behavior in Threaded Programs.........................................................................712

31.20. Building libpq Programs.....................................................................................713

31.21. Example Programs.............................................................................................. 714

32. Large Objects ....................................................................................................................723

32.1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................723

32.2. Implementation Features ......................................................................................723

32.3. Client Interfaces.................................................................................................... 723

32.3.1. Creating a Large Object........................................................................... 724

32.3.2. Importing a Large Object.........................................................................724

32.3.3. Exporting a Large Object.........................................................................725

32.3.4. Opening an Existing Large Object...........................................................725

32.3.5. Writing Data to a Large Object................................................................725

32.3.6. Reading Data from a Large Object ..........................................................726

32.3.7. Seeking in a Large Object........................................................................726

32.3.8. Obtaining the Seek Position of a Large Object........................................726

32.3.9. Truncating a Large Object ....................................................................... 727

32.3.10. Closing a Large Object Descriptor ........................................................727

32.3.11. Removing a Large Object ......................................................................727

32.4. Server-side Functions ...........................................................................................728

32.5. Example Program ................................................................................................. 729

33. ECPG - Embedded SQL in C............................................................................................734

33.1. The Concept.......................................................................................................... 734

xvi

33.2. Managing Database Connections .........................................................................734

33.2.1. Connecting to the Database Server.......................................................... 734

33.2.2. Choosing a Connection............................................................................ 735

33.2.3. Closing a Connection...............................................................................737

33.3. Running SQL Commands.....................................................................................737

33.3.1. Executing SQL Statements ......................................................................737

33.3.2. Using Cursors...........................................................................................738

33.3.3. Managing Transactions............................................................................ 738

33.3.4. Prepared Statements.................................................................................739

33.4. Using Host Variables ............................................................................................740

33.4.1. Overview..................................................................................................740

33.4.2. Declare Sections.......................................................................................740

33.4.3. Retrieving Query Results.........................................................................741

33.4.4. Type Mapping ..........................................................................................742

33.4.4.1. Handling Character Strings ......................................................... 743

33.4.4.2. Accessing Special Data Types..................................................... 743

33.4.4.2.1. timestamp, date............................................................... 744

33.4.4.2.2. interval ............................................................................ 744

33.4.4.2.3. numeric, decimal.............................................................745

33.4.4.3. Host Variables with Nonprimitive Types .................................... 746

33.4.4.3.1. Arrays .............................................................................746

33.4.4.3.2. Structures ........................................................................ 747

33.4.4.3.3. Typedefs..........................................................................748

33.4.4.3.4. Pointers ...........................................................................749

33.4.5. Handling Nonprimitive SQL Data Types.................................................749

33.4.5.1. Arrays..........................................................................................749

33.4.5.2. Composite Types .........................................................................751

33.4.5.3. User-deﬁned Base Types .............................................................752

33.4.6. Indicators..................................................................................................754

33.5. Dynamic SQL.......................................................................................................754

33.5.1. Executing Statements without a Result Set ............................................. 754

33.5.2. Executing a Statement with Input Parameters ......................................... 754

33.5.3. Executing a Statement with a Result Set ................................................. 755

33.6. pgtypes Library.....................................................................................................756

33.6.1. The numeric Type ....................................................................................756

33.6.2. The date Type........................................................................................... 759

33.6.3. The timestamp Type................................................................................. 762

33.6.4. The interval Type .....................................................................................766

33.6.5. The decimal Type..................................................................................... 766

33.6.6. errno Values of pgtypeslib .......................................................................767

33.6.7. Special Constants of pgtypeslib............................................................... 768

33.7. Using Descriptor Areas ........................................................................................768

33.7.1. Named SQL Descriptor Areas .................................................................768

33.7.2. SQLDA Descriptor Areas ........................................................................770

33.7.2.1. SQLDA Data Structure................................................................771

33.7.2.1.1. sqlda_t Structure ............................................................. 771

33.7.2.1.2. sqlvar_t Structure............................................................ 772

33.7.2.1.3. struct sqlname Structure .................................................773

33.7.2.2. Retrieving a Result Set Using an SQLDA ..................................773

33.7.2.3. Passing Query Parameters Using an SQLDA..............................775

33.7.2.4. A Sample Application Using SQLDA ........................................776

33.8. Error Handling...................................................................................................... 781

xvii

33.8.1. Setting Callbacks ..................................................................................... 781

33.8.2. sqlca ......................................................................................................... 783

33.8.3. SQLSTATE vs. SQLCODE........................................................................... 785

33.9. Preprocessor Directives ........................................................................................ 788

33.9.1. Including Files ......................................................................................... 788

33.9.2. The deﬁne and undef Directives .............................................................. 789

33.9.3. ifdef, ifndef, else, elif, and endif Directives.............................................789

33.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs................................................................ 790

33.11. Library Functions ...............................................................................................791

33.12. Large Objects...................................................................................................... 792

33.13. C++ Applications ...............................................................................................793

33.13.1. Scope for Host Variables........................................................................794

33.13.2. C++ Application Development with External C Module ......................795

33.14. Embedded SQL Commands ...............................................................................797

ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR ...............................................................................797

CONNECT...........................................................................................................799

DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR .......................................................................... 802

DECLARE ...........................................................................................................803

DESCRIBE ..........................................................................................................805

DISCONNECT ....................................................................................................806

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE....................................................................................808

GET DESCRIPTOR ............................................................................................ 809

OPEN ...................................................................................................................812

PREPARE ............................................................................................................814

SET AUTOCOMMIT .......................................................................................... 815

SET CONNECTION ........................................................................................... 816

SET DESCRIPTOR............................................................................................. 817

TYPE....................................................................................................................819

VAR...................................................................................................................... 821

WHENEVER .......................................................................................................822

33.15. Informix Compatibility Mode ............................................................................824

33.15.1. Additional Types....................................................................................824

33.15.2. Additional/Missing Embedded SQL Statements ...................................824

33.15.3. Informix-compatible SQLDA Descriptor Areas....................................825

33.15.4. Additional Functions..............................................................................828

33.15.5. Additional Constants..............................................................................836

33.16. Internals .............................................................................................................. 837

34. The Information Schema...................................................................................................840

34.1. The Schema ..........................................................................................................840

34.2. Data Types ............................................................................................................840

34.3. information_schema_catalog_name ...........................................................841

34.4. administrable_role_authorizations.......................................................841

34.5. applicable_roles............................................................................................841

34.6. attributes.........................................................................................................842

34.7. character_sets................................................................................................846

34.8. check_constraint_routine_usage .............................................................847

34.9. check_constraints ......................................................................................... 847

34.10. collations.......................................................................................................848

34.11. collation_character_set_applicability ............................................848

34.12. column_domain_usage ...................................................................................849

34.13. column_options..............................................................................................849

34.14. column_privileges ....................................................................................... 850

xviii

34.15. column_udt_usage..........................................................................................850

34.16. columns ............................................................................................................. 851

34.17. constraint_column_usage .......................................................................... 856

34.18. constraint_table_usage............................................................................. 857

34.19. data_type_privileges.................................................................................857

34.20. domain_constraints .....................................................................................858

34.21. domain_udt_usage..........................................................................................859

34.22. domains ............................................................................................................. 859

34.23. element_types ................................................................................................862

34.24. enabled_roles ................................................................................................865

34.25. foreign_data_wrapper_options................................................................866

34.26. foreign_data_wrappers...............................................................................866

34.27. foreign_server_options............................................................................. 866

34.28. foreign_servers............................................................................................867

34.29. foreign_table_options...............................................................................867

34.30. foreign_tables..............................................................................................868

34.31. key_column_usage..........................................................................................868

34.32. parameters.......................................................................................................869

34.33. referential_constraints .......................................................................... 872

34.34. role_column_grants .....................................................................................873

34.35. role_routine_grants ...................................................................................873

34.36. role_table_grants ....................................................................................... 874

34.37. role_udt_grants............................................................................................875

34.38. role_usage_grants ....................................................................................... 876

34.39. routine_privileges .....................................................................................876

34.40. routines...........................................................................................................877

34.41. schemata...........................................................................................................883

34.42. sequences.........................................................................................................883

34.43. sql_features ..................................................................................................885

34.44. sql_implementation_info .......................................................................... 885

34.45. sql_languages ................................................................................................886

34.46. sql_packages ..................................................................................................887

34.47. sql_parts.........................................................................................................887

34.48. sql_sizing.......................................................................................................888

34.49. sql_sizing_profiles ...................................................................................888

34.50. table_constraints ....................................................................................... 889

34.51. table_privileges..........................................................................................889

34.52. tables ...............................................................................................................890

34.53. triggered_update_columns ........................................................................ 891

34.54. triggers...........................................................................................................892

34.55. udt_privileges..............................................................................................893

34.56. usage_privileges..........................................................................................894

34.57. user_defined_types .....................................................................................895

34.58. user_mapping_options.................................................................................896

34.59. user_mappings ................................................................................................897

34.60. view_column_usage ....................................................................................... 897

34.61. view_routine_usage .....................................................................................898

34.62. view_table_usage..........................................................................................899

34.63. views .................................................................................................................899

xix

V. Server Programming ................................................................................................................. 901

35. Extending SQL..................................................................................................................903

35.1. How Extensibility Works......................................................................................903

35.2. The PostgreSQL Type System..............................................................................903

35.2.1. Base Types ...............................................................................................903

35.2.2. Composite Types...................................................................................... 903

35.2.3. Domains ...................................................................................................904

35.2.4. Pseudo-Types ...........................................................................................904

35.2.5. Polymorphic Types ..................................................................................904

35.3. User-deﬁned Functions.........................................................................................905

35.4. Query Language (SQL) Functions .......................................................................905

35.4.1. Arguments for SQL Functions.................................................................906

35.4.2. SQL Functions on Base Types.................................................................907

35.4.3. SQL Functions on Composite Types .......................................................909

35.4.4. SQL Functions with Output Parameters ..................................................912

35.4.5. SQL Functions with Variable Numbers of Arguments............................913

35.4.6. SQL Functions with Default Values for Arguments................................914

35.4.7. SQL Functions as Table Sources .............................................................914

35.4.8. SQL Functions Returning Sets ................................................................915

35.4.9. SQL Functions Returning TABLE ............................................................917

35.4.10. Polymorphic SQL Functions .................................................................918

35.4.11. SQL Functions with Collations..............................................................919

35.5. Function Overloading...........................................................................................920

35.6. Function Volatility Categories.............................................................................. 921

35.7. Procedural Language Functions ...........................................................................922

35.8. Internal Functions.................................................................................................922

35.9. C-Language Functions.......................................................................................... 923

35.9.1. Dynamic Loading.....................................................................................923

35.9.2. Base Types in C-Language Functions......................................................924

35.9.3. Version 0 Calling Conventions ................................................................927

35.9.4. Version 1 Calling Conventions ................................................................929

35.9.5. Writing Code............................................................................................932

35.9.6. Compiling and Linking Dynamically-loaded Functions..........................933

35.9.7. Composite-type Arguments .....................................................................935

35.9.8. Returning Rows (Composite Types) ........................................................ 936

35.9.9. Returning Sets..........................................................................................938

35.9.10. Polymorphic Arguments and Return Types...........................................943

35.9.11. Transform Functions.............................................................................. 944

35.9.12. Shared Memory and LWLocks .............................................................. 945

35.9.13. Using C++ for Extensibility...................................................................945

35.10. User-deﬁned Aggregates ....................................................................................946

35.10.1. Moving-Aggregate Mode.......................................................................947

35.10.2. Polymorphic and Variadic Aggregates................................................... 949

35.10.3. Ordered-Set Aggregates.........................................................................950

35.10.4. Support Functions for Aggregates .........................................................951

35.11. User-deﬁned Types .............................................................................................952

35.12. User-deﬁned Operators.......................................................................................955

35.13. Operator Optimization Information....................................................................956

35.13.1. COMMUTATOR..........................................................................................956

35.13.2. NEGATOR ................................................................................................ 957

35.13.3. RESTRICT ..............................................................................................958

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