OpenGL编程指南（第8版）：斯坦福大学推荐的图形学基石

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《OpenGL编程指南第8版》(Praise for OpenGL Programming Guide, Eighth Edition) 是一本在计算机图形学领域备受推崇的教材，由斯坦福大学作为其课程的官方参考资料。本书被赞誉为OpenGL信息的一站式学习宝典，为读者提供了丰富的学习资源和实践指导。作者Dave、Graham、John和Bill的辛勤工作使得本书成为业界专业人士和学生们的首选读物。Mike Bailey，来自俄勒冈州立大学的教授，高度评价了该书，称其为一个包含最新标准和新特性的全面指南，这些内容不仅涵盖了最新的OpenGL规范，还深入浅出地讲解了现代OpenGL技术，确保读者无论在何种环境下都能掌握实用技能。第8版的"Red Book"（通常指OpenGL官方文档）延续了OpenGL的传统，不断追求更强大的功能和更高的效率。它详尽介绍了最新的特性，并为开发者提供了扎实的基础，让他们能够利用这些技术创建高效且跨平台的图形应用程序。书中涵盖了广泛的议题，如Linux操作系统下的OpenGL应用、Ubuntu、Fedora、Red Hat、SUSE Linux、Android、Oracle、Hadoop、CentOS等主流平台的兼容性，以及与之相关的技术，如MySQL、Apache、Nginx、Tomcat、Python、Java、C语言、OpenStack、集群管理等。此外，Linux公社（LinuxIDC.com），作为一个专业的Linux系统门户网站，为读者提供了丰富的资源，包括Linux系统教程、认证、技术新闻和各种Linux发行版的专题，如Ubuntu专题、Fedora专题、Android专题、Oracle专题等，这些都与OpenGL的学习和实践紧密结合，为学习者提供了完整的生态系统支持。《OpenGL编程指南第8版》是一本不可或缺的参考资料，无论是对于学术研究还是实际项目开发，都能提供深厚的知识底蕴和实践指导，帮助读者在计算机图形学领域取得成功。同时，Linux公社的存在为读者提供了一个学习和交流的平台，将理论与实践相结合，使学习过程更为全面和有效。

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Texture Formats . .................................................................................. 270

Proxy Textures. ......................................................................................... 276

Specifying Texture Data . ......................................................................... 277

Explicitly Setting Texture Data. ............................................................... 277

Using Pixel Unpack Buffers . .................................................................... 280

Copying Data from the Framebuffer . ...................................................... 281

Loading Images from Files . ..................................................................... 282

Retrieving Texture Data ........................................................................... 287

Texture Data Layout . ............................................................................... 288

Sampler Objects. ...................................................................................... 292

Sampler Parameters . ............................................................................ 294

Using Textures . ........................................................................................ 295

Texture Coordinates. ................................................................................ 298

Arranging Texture Data ........................................................................... 302

Using Multiple Textures. .......................................................................... 303

Complex Texture Types............................................................................ 306

3D Textures . ............................................................................................. 307

Array Textures . ........................................................................................ 309

Cube-Map Textures. ................................................................................. 309

Shadow Samplers . ................................................................................... 317

Depth-Stencil Textures . ........................................................................... 318

Buffer Textures. ........................................................................................ 319

Texture Views. .......................................................................................... 321

Compressed Textures. .............................................................................. 326

Filtering . .................................................................................................. 329

Linear Filtering . ....................................................................................... 330

Using and Generating Mipmaps. ............................................................. 333

Calculating the Mipmap Level . ............................................................... 338

Mipmap Level-of-Detail Control . ............................................................ 339

Advanced Texture Lookup Functions. ..................................................... 340

Explicit Level of Detail . ........................................................................... 340

Explicit Gradient Specification . .............................................................. 340

Texture Fetch with Offsets . ..................................................................... 341

Projective Texturing. ................................................................................ 342

Texture Queries in Shaders . ..................................................................... 343

Gathering Texels . ..................................................................................... 345

Combining Special Functions . ................................................................ 345

Point Sprites . ........................................................................................... 346

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Textured Point Sprites . ............................................................................ 347

Controlling the Appearance of Points . ................................................... 350

Rendering to Texture Maps ...................................................................... 351

Discarding Rendered Data. .................................................................. 354

Chapter Summary. ................................................................................... 356

Texture Redux. ..................................................................................... 356

Texture Best Practices . ......................................................................... 357

7. Light and Shadow . ...................................................................................359

Lighting Introduction. ............................................................................. 360

Classic Lighting Model ............................................................................ 361

Fragment Shaders for Different Light Styles. ........................................... 362

Moving Calculations to the Vertex Shader . ............................................ 373

Multiple Lights and Materials . ................................................................ 376

Lighting Coordinate Systems................................................................... 383

Limitations of the Classic Lighting Model. ............................................. 383

Advanced Lighting Models . ..................................................................... 384

Hemisphere Lighting ............................................................................... 384

Image-Based Lighting. ............................................................................. 389

Lighting with Spherical Harmonics ........................................................ 395

Shadow Mapping . .................................................................................... 400

Creating a Shadow Map....................................................................... 401

8. Procedural Texturing . ..............................................................................411

Procedural Texturing . .............................................................................. 412

Regular Patterns ....................................................................................... 414

Toy Ball . ................................................................................................... 422

Lattice . ..................................................................................................... 431

Procedural Shading Summary . ................................................................ 432

Bump Mapping . ...................................................................................... 433

Application Setup . ................................................................................... 436

Vertex Shader . ......................................................................................... 438

Fragment Shader . ..................................................................................... 439

Normal Maps............................................................................................ 441

Antialiasing Procedural Textures . ............................................................ 442

Sources of Aliasing. .............................................................................. 442

Avoiding Aliasing . ............................................................................... 444

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Increasing Resolution. ............................................................................. 445

Antialiasing High Frequencies . ............................................................... 447

Frequency Clamping. ............................................................................... 457

Procedural Antialiasing Summary. .......................................................... 459

Noise . ....................................................................................................... 460

Definition of Noise . ................................................................................. 461

Noise Textures . ........................................................................................ 468

Trade-offs.................................................................................................. 471

A Simple Noise Shader . ........................................................................... 472

Turbulence . .............................................................................................. 475

Marble. ..................................................................................................... 477

Granite. .................................................................................................... 478

Wood . ....................................................................................................... 478

Noise Summary. ....................................................................................... 483

Further Information . ............................................................................... 483

9. Tessellation Shaders. ...............................................................................485

Tessellation Shaders. ................................................................................ 486

Tessellation Patches. ................................................................................ 487

Tessellation Control Shaders . .................................................................. 488

Generating Output-Patch Vertices . ......................................................... 489

Tessellation Control Shader Variables. .................................................... 490

Controlling Tessellation .......................................................................... 491

Tessellation Evaluation Shaders . ............................................................. 496

Specifying the Primitive Generation Domain . ....................................... 497

Specifying the Face Winding for Generated Primitives . ......................... 497

Specifying the Spacing of Tessellation Coordinates. ............................... 498

Additional Tessellation Evaluation Shader layout Options .................. 498

Specifying a Vertex’s Position . ................................................................ 498

Tessellation Evaluation Shader Variables................................................. 499

A Tessellation Example: The Teapot . ...................................................... 500

Processing Patch Input Vertices. .............................................................. 501

Evaluating Tessellation Coordinates for the Teapot. ............................... 501

Additional Tessellation Techniques . ....................................................... 504

View-Dependent Tessellation. ............................................................. 504

Shared Tessellated Edges and Cracking ............................................... 506

Displacement Mapping ....................................................................... 507

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10. Geometry Shaders. ...................................................................................509

Creating a Geometry Shader . .................................................................. 510

Geometry Shader Inputs and Outputs . ................................................... 514

Geometry Shader Inputs . ......................................................................... 514

Special Geometry Shader Primitives. ....................................................... 517

Geometry Shader Outputs . ..................................................................... 523

Producing Primitives . .............................................................................. 525

Culling Geometry . .................................................................................. 525

Geometry Amplification. ......................................................................... 527

Advanced Transform Feedback ................................................................ 532

Multiple Output Streams ......................................................................... 533

Primitive Queries . ................................................................................... 537

Using Transform Feedback Results . ......................................................... 539

Geometry Shader Instancing. .................................................................. 549

Multiple Viewports and Layered Rendering . .......................................... 550

Viewport Index . ....................................................................................... 550

Layered Rendering. .................................................................................. 556

Chapter Summary. ................................................................................... 559

Geometry Shader Redux ...................................................................... 560

Geometry Shader Best Practices . ......................................................... 561

11. Memory . ....................................................................................................563

Using Textures for Generic Data Storage . ............................................... 564

Binding Textures to Image Units . ............................................................ 569

Reading from and Writing to Images . .................................................... 572

Shader Storage Buffer Objects. ................................................................. 576

Writing Structured Data. ...................................................................... 577

Atomic Operations and Synchronization ............................................... 578

Atomic Operations on Images . ............................................................... 578

Atomic Operations on Buffers. ................................................................ 587

Sync Objects. ............................................................................................ 589

Image Qualifiers and Barriers................................................................... 593

High Performance Atomic Counters . ...................................................... 605

Example. .................................................................................................. 609

Order-Independent Transparency. ...................................................... 609

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12. Compute Shaders. ....................................................................................623

Overview. ................................................................................................. 624

Workgroups and Dispatch . ...................................................................... 625

Knowing Where You Are . ................................................................... 630

Communication and Synchronization.................................................... 632

Communication . ..................................................................................... 633

Synchronization . ..................................................................................... 634

Examples. ................................................................................................. 636

Physical Simulation ................................................................................. 636

Image Processing. ..................................................................................... 642

Chapter Summary. ................................................................................... 647

Compute Shader Redux . ...................................................................... 647

Compute Shader Best Practices ........................................................... 648

A. Basics of GLUT: The OpenGL Utility Toolkit. ..........................................651

Initializing and Creating a Window . ...................................................... 652

Accessing Functions . ............................................................................... 654

Handling Window and Input Events . ..................................................... 655

Managing a Background Process . ............................................................ 658

Running the Program .............................................................................. 658

B. OpenGL ES and WebGL . .........................................................................659

OpenGL ES ............................................................................................... 660

WebGL . .................................................................................................... 662

Setting up WebGL within an HTML5 page . ........................................ 662

Initializing Shaders in WebGL . ........................................................... 664

Initializing Vertex Data in WebGL . ..................................................... 667

Using Texture Maps in WebGL. ........................................................... 668

C. Built-in GLSL Variables and Functions ...................................................673

Built-in Variables . .................................................................................... 674

Built-in Variable Declarations . ................................................................ 674

Built-in Variable Descriptions . ................................................................ 676

Built-in Constants. ................................................................................... 684

Built-in Functions .................................................................................... 686

Angle and Trigonometry Functions . ................................................... 688

Exponential Functions . ....................................................................... 690

Common Functions. ............................................................................ 692

Floating-Point Pack and Unpack Functions . ....................................... 698

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