C语言Linux编程入门指南：环境与工具解析

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"《Linux编程入门》是一本专为初学者设计的书籍，旨在引领读者进入Linux编程的世界，特别是使用C语言。书中强调了Linux作为一个强大的编程环境，随着GNU项目的不断发展，如gcc编译器（包括egcs和pgcs的加入）和Free Software Foundation的维护策略调整，Linux的编程工具链得到了显著提升。Vi和Emacs这两个经典的编辑器虽然常被争议，但在Linux社区中依然拥有忠实的用户群体，它们的复杂性为程序员提供了丰富的选择。本书的核心内容将围绕如何在Linux环境下利用C语言进行编程，深入浅出地介绍Linux内核、GNU C库（glibc或libc6）的最新进展，以及这些库如何成为标准C库的基础。此外，作者还将探讨Linux下的新型开发工具，比如Lesstif，它是一个基于Motif 1.2的源代码兼容实现，以及KDE（K Desktop Environment），这是基于TrollTech的Qt类库的桌面环境，挑战了传统的X Consortium的CDE（Common Desktop Environment）。读者通过本书不仅可以学习到基础的C语言编程技巧，还能了解到Linux系统的底层机制和各种实用工具的使用，以便更好地开发和优化Linux应用程序。无论是对Linux有初步了解还是希望深入探索的开发者，这本书都将是他们系统学习Linux编程不可或缺的指南。书中还会涵盖如何为Linux系统编写服务端程序、处理系统调用、理解文件I/O、网络编程等关键主题，帮助读者建立起坚实的Linux编程基础。这是一本理论与实践相结合，适合Linux新手和进阶者的实用教程。"

mount connectors. The case only has holes to accommodate the keyboard and maybe a

mouse connector. The newer ATX standard has many advantages. Although an ATX

motherboard is approximately the same size and shape as a baby AT motherboard (both

are about the same size as a sheet of 8-1/2”×11” writing paper), the ATX design rotates

the dimensions so the long edge is against the back of the machine. An ATX case has a

standard rectangular cutout that accommodates metal inserts, which have cutouts that

match the connectors on a particular motherboard. The large cutout is large enough to

easily accommodate the following using stacked connectors:

• 2 serial ports

• 1 parallel port

• keyboard port

• mouse port

• 2 USB ports

• VGA connector

• audio connectors

Also, ATX moves the CPU and memory where they will not interfere with full-length I/O

cards, although some manufacturers still mount some internal connectors where they will

interfere. Many case manufacturers have retooled. More information about the ATX form

factor can be found at http://www.teleport.com/~atx/. Figure 2.1 illustrates the phys-

ical difference between AT and ATX form factors.

The Linux Programming Toolkit

ART I

AT ATX

CPU

Memory

FIGURE 2.1

AT versus ATX

motherboard form

factors.

Onboard I/O

A typical Pentium or higher motherboard will have two serial, one parallel, one key-

board, one mouse, IDE, and floppy ports onboard; all of which are likely to work fine

with Linux. It may have additional ports onboard that will have to be evaluated for com-

patibility, including USB, SCSI, Ethernet, Audio, or Video.

0472316072 CH02 7/26/99 2:00 PM Page 16

Processor

For the purposes of this section, I will assume you are using an Intel or compatible

processor. The use of such commodity hardware is likely to result in a lower-cost system

with a wider range of software available. There are a number of other options available,

including Alpha and Sparc architectures. Visit http://www.linux.org/ if you are inter-

ested in support for other processor architectures.

Cyrix and AMD make Pentium compatible processors. There have been some compatibi-

lity problems with Cyrix and AMD processors, but these have been resolved. I favor

Socket 7 motherboards, which allow you use Intel, Cyrix, and AMD processors inter-

changeably. There are also some other companies that make Pentium compatible

processors that will probably work with Linux but have been less thoroughly tested. IDT

markets the Centaur C6, a Pentium compatible processor, under the unfortunate name

“Winchip,” which apparently will run Linux, but I don’t see the Linux community lining

up to buy these chips. IBM used to make and sell the Cyrix chips under its own name in

exchange for the use of IBM’s fabrication plant; these may be regarded simply as Cyrix

chips for compatibility purposes. Future IBM x86 processors will apparently be based on

a different core. The Pentium II, Pentium III, Xeon, and Celeron chips will simply be

regarded as Pentium compatible CPUs.

There have been some very inexpensive systems made recently that use the Cyrix

MediaGX processor. These systems integrate the CPU, cache, Video, Audio, motherboard

chipset, and I/O onto two chips. The downside is that you cannot replace the MediaGX

with another brand of processor and that the video system uses system memory for video.

This practice slightly reduces the available system memory and uses processor/memory

bandwidth for screen refresh, which results in a system that is about a third slower than

you would expect based on the processor speed. The advantages are the lower cost and

the fact that all Media GX systems are basically the same from a software point of view.

Therefore, if you can get one Media GX system to work, all others should work. Video

support for the Media GX is provided by SuSE (go to http://www.suse.de/XSuSE/

XSuSE_E.html for more info) and there is a MediaGX video driver in the KGI. Audio

support has not been developed at the time of this writing, although it may be available

by the time this book is published.

My primary development machines have been running Linux for a couple years on Cyrix

P150+ processors (equivalent to a 150MHz Pentium) and upgrading the processor is still

among the least of my priorities. Given current processor prices, you will probably want

to shoot for about twice that speed, adjusting up or down based on your budget and avail-

ability.

Setting Up a Development System

HAPTER 2

SETTING UPA

DEVELOPMENT

YSTEM

0472316072 CH02 7/26/99 2:00 PM Page 17

The Linux community seems to be waiting with interest to see the processor being devel-

oped by Transmeta, the company that hired Linus Torvalds and some other Linux gurus

(including my friend, Jeff Uphoff). The speculation, which is at least partially corroborat-

ed by the text of a patent issued to the company, is that this processor will have an archi-

tecture that is optimized for emulating other processors by using software translators and

a hardware translation cache. It is suspected that this chip may be a very good platform

for running Linux. Linux might even be the native OS supported on this chip under

which other operating systems and processor architectures are emulated.

BIOS

For a basic workstation, any of the major BIOS brands (AWARD, AMIBIOS, or

Phoenix) may suffice. The AMI BIOS has some problems that complicate the use of I/O

cards that have a PCI-to-PCI bridge such as the Adaptec Quartet 4 port ethernet cards.

The AWARD BIOS gives the user more control than does AMIBIOS or Phoenix. A flash

BIOS, which allows the user to download BIOS upgrades, is desirable and is standard on

most modern systems. Older 386 and 486 systems tend not to have a flash BIOS and

may also have the following problems:

• An older BIOS that may not be Y2K compliant

• May not support larger disk drives

• May not support booting off of removable media

Memory

64MB is reasonable for a typical development system. If you are not trying to run X win-

dows, you may be able to get by with only 8MB for a special purpose machine (such as

a crash and burn system for debugging device drivers). Kernel compile times are about

the same (less than1.5 minutes) with 32MB or 64MB (although they can be much longer

on a system with 8MB). If you want to run multimedia applications (such as a Web

browser), particularly at the same time you are compiling, expect the performance to suf-

fer a bit if you only have 32MB. Likewise, if you are developing applications that con-

sume lots of memory, you may need more RAM. This page was written on a system with

32MB of RAM but one of the other authors’ primary development system has ten times

that amount of memory to support Artificial Intelligence work.

Enclosure and Power Supply

Select an enclosure that matches your motherboard form factor and has sufficient drive

bays and wattage to accommodate your needs. Many case manufacturers have retooled

The Linux Programming Toolkit

ART I

0472316072 CH02 7/26/99 2:00 PM Page 18

their AT form factor cases to accommodate the ATX motherboard; if you order an AT

case, you may receive a newer ATX design with an I/O shield that has cutouts for AT

keyboard and mouse ports. For most applications, Mini-Tower, Mid-Tower, or Full-

Tower cases are likely to be the preferred choices. For some applications you may want

server or rack mount designs.

Setting Up a Development System

HAPTER 2

SETTING UPA

DEVELOPMENT

YSTEM

NOTE

The power supply connectors are different for AT and ATX power supplies.

If you are building a mission-critical system, be aware that some power supplies will not

restore power to the system after a power outage. You may also be interested in a mini-

redundant power supply; these are slightly larger than a normal ATX or PS/2 power sup-

ply but some high end cases, particularly rack mount and server cases, are designed to

accommodate either a mini-redundant or a regular ATX or PS/2 supply.

User Interaction Hardware: Video,

Sound, Keyboard, and Mouse

The devices described in this section are the primary means of interacting with the user.

Support for video cards and monitors is largely a function of adequate information being

available from the manufacturer or other sources. Monitors usually require only a hand-

ful of specifications to be entered in response to the Xconfigurator program, but support

for a video card often requires detailed programming information and for someone to

write a new driver or modify an existing one. Sound cards require documentation and

programming support, like video cards, but speakers need only be suitable for use with

the sound card itself.

Video Card

If you only need a text mode console, most VGA video adapters will work fine. If you

need graphics support, you will need a VGA adapter that is supported by Xfree86,

SVGAlib, vesafb, and/or KGI.

Xfree86 is a free open-source implementation of the X Windowing System, which is an

open-standard-based windowing system that provides display access to graphical appli-

cations running on the same machine or over a network. Xfree86 support is generally

0472316072 CH02 7/26/99 2:00 PM Page 19

necessary and sufficient for a development workstation. For more information, visit

http://www.xfree86.org/. For drivers for certain new devices, check out XFcom

(formerly XSuSE) at http://www.suse.de/XSuSE/.

SVGAlib is a library for displaying full screen graphics on the console. It is primarily

used for a few games and image viewing applications, most of which have X Windowing

System versions or equivalents. Unfortunately, SVGAlib applications need root privi-

leges to access the video hardware so they are normally installed suid, which creates

security problems.

GGI, which stands for Generic Graphics Interface, tries to solve the problems of needing

root access, resolve conflicts between concurrent SVGAlib and X servers, and provide a

common API for writing applications to run under both X and SVGAlib. A part of GGI,

called KGI, provides low-level access to the framebuffer. GGI has also been ported to a

variety of other platforms so it provides a way of writing portable graphics applications,

although these applications are apparently limited to a single window paradigm.

Documentation is very sparse. This package shows future promise as the common low-

level interface for X servers and SVGAlib and a programming interface for real-time

action games.

OpenGL (and its predecessor GL) has long been the de facto standard for 3D modeling.

OpenGL provides an open API but not an open reference implementation. Mesa provides

an open source (GPL) implementation of an API very similar to OpenGL that runs under

Linux and many other platforms. Hardware acceleration is available for 3Dfx

Voodoo–based cards. For more information on Mesa, visit http://www.mesa3d.org/.

Metrolink provides a licensed OpenGL implementation as a commercial product; visit

http://www.metrolink.com/opengl/ for more information. Frame buffer devices pro-

vide an abstraction for access to the video buffer across different processor architectures.

The Framebuffer HOWTO, at http://www.tahallah.demon.co.uk/programming/

HOWTO-framebuffer-1.0pre3.html

, provides more information. Vesafb provides frame

buffer device support for VESA 2.0 video cards on Intel platforms. Unfortunately, the

VESA specification appears to be a broken specification that only works when the CPU

is in real mode instead of protected mode, so switching video modes requires switching

the CPU out of protected mode to run the real mode VESA VGA BIOS code. Such

shenanigans may be common in the MS Windows world and may contribute to the insta-

bility for which that operating system is famous. KGIcon allows the use of KGI support-

ed devices as framebuffer devices.

The Linux Programming Toolkit

ART I

0472316072 CH02 7/26/99 2:00 PM Page 20

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