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首页MySQL 8.0参考文档及特性概述
MySQL 8.0是MySQL数据库管理系统的一个重要版本,在这个版本中引入了许多新的特性和功能。本文档是MySQL 8.0的参考手册,旨在为用户提供详细的文档和使用指南。
首先,本文档涵盖了MySQL 8.0的核心概念和功能。它详细介绍了如何安装和配置MySQL 8.0,包括支持哪些操作系统和硬件平台,以及如何进行必要的安全设置。此外,文档还提供了有关使用MySQL服务器和客户端工具的详细信息,例如如何管理数据库和表,如何进行备份和恢复,以及如何进行性能优化和调整。
其次,MySQL 8.0的参考手册还介绍了许多新的特性和改进。其中一个重要的新特性是支持JSON数据类型和操作。MySQL 8.0还引入了新的窗口函数和分析函数,使查询更加灵活和强大。此外,MySQL 8.0还改进了存储过程和函数的支持,增加了对GIS和空间数据的支持,以及对InnoDB存储引擎的性能和可伸缩性的改进。
此外,MySQL 8.0的参考手册还介绍了NDB Cluster 8.0的相关信息。NDB Cluster是一个分布式数据库,专为高可用性和可伸缩性而设计。MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual中提供了关于NDB Cluster的详细文档,包括如何安装和配置NDB Cluster,如何进行管理和监控,以及如何进行备份和恢复。
需要注意的是,本文档还可能包含关于尚未发布的MySQL版本的特性和文档。因此,用户应该参考MySQL 8.0 Release Notes,以了解已发布的版本信息。
总之,MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual是一个全面而详细的文档,适用于各种MySQL用户,无论是初学者还是有经验的开发人员。它提供了有关MySQL 8.0和NDB Cluster 8.0的详细信息,并介绍了各种功能和技术。无论您是要学习如何使用MySQL 8.0,还是要进行更高级的数据库管理和优化,这个参考手册都是一个不可或缺的资源。
MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual
15.9 InnoDB Table and Page Compression ...................................................................... 3077
15.9.1 InnoDB Table Compression ........................................................................... 3077
15.9.2 InnoDB Page Compression ........................................................................... 3091
15.10 InnoDB Row Formats ............................................................................................ 3094
15.11 InnoDB Disk I/O and File Space Management ........................................................ 3100
15.11.1 InnoDB Disk I/O .......................................................................................... 3101
15.11.2 File Space Management ............................................................................. 3101
15.11.3 InnoDB Checkpoints ................................................................................... 3103
15.11.4 Defragmenting a Table ................................................................................ 3103
15.11.5 Reclaiming Disk Space with TRUNCATE TABLE .......................................... 3104
15.12 InnoDB and Online DDL ........................................................................................ 3104
15.12.1 Online DDL Operations ............................................................................... 3105
15.12.2 Online DDL Performance and Concurrency .................................................. 3119
15.12.3 Online DDL Space Requirements ................................................................ 3122
15.12.4 Online DDL Memory Management ............................................................... 3123
15.12.5 Configuring Parallel Threads for Online DDL Operations ............................... 3123
15.12.6 Simplifying DDL Statements with Online DDL ............................................... 3123
15.12.7 Online DDL Failure Conditions .................................................................... 3124
15.12.8 Online DDL Limitations ................................................................................ 3124
15.13 InnoDB Data-at-Rest Encryption ............................................................................. 3125
15.14 InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables ........................................................ 3134
15.15 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables .............................................................. 3221
15.15.1 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables about Compression ...................... 3222
15.15.2 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Transaction and Locking Information ........ 3223
15.15.3 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Schema Object Tables ............................ 3231
15.15.4 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA FULLTEXT Index Tables ......................... 3236
15.15.5 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Buffer Pool Tables .................................. 3239
15.15.6 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Metrics Table ......................................... 3243
15.15.7 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Temporary Table Info Table .................... 3252
15.15.8 Retrieving InnoDB Tablespace Metadata from
INFORMATION_SCHEMA.FILES ............................................................................. 3253
15.16 InnoDB Integration with MySQL Performance Schema ............................................ 3254
15.16.1 Monitoring ALTER TABLE Progress for InnoDB Tables Using Performance
Schema .................................................................................................................. 3256
15.16.2 Monitoring InnoDB Mutex Waits Using Performance Schema ........................ 3258
15.17 InnoDB Monitors .................................................................................................... 3261
15.17.1 InnoDB Monitor Types ................................................................................ 3261
15.17.2 Enabling InnoDB Monitors ........................................................................... 3262
15.17.3 InnoDB Standard Monitor and Lock Monitor Output ...................................... 3263
15.18 InnoDB Backup and Recovery ................................................................................ 3268
15.18.1 InnoDB Backup ........................................................................................... 3268
15.18.2 InnoDB Recovery ........................................................................................ 3269
15.19 InnoDB and MySQL Replication ............................................................................. 3271
15.20 InnoDB memcached Plugin .................................................................................... 3273
15.20.1 Benefits of the InnoDB memcached Plugin ................................................... 3274
15.20.2 InnoDB memcached Architecture ................................................................. 3275
15.20.3 Setting Up the InnoDB memcached Plugin ................................................... 3278
15.20.4 InnoDB memcached Multiple get and Range Query Support .......................... 3283
15.20.5 Security Considerations for the InnoDB memcached Plugin ........................... 3286
15.20.6 Writing Applications for the InnoDB memcached Plugin ................................. 3287
15.20.7 The InnoDB memcached Plugin and Replication ........................................... 3299
15.20.8 InnoDB memcached Plugin Internals ............................................................ 3303
15.20.9 Troubleshooting the InnoDB memcached Plugin ........................................... 3307
15.21 InnoDB Troubleshooting ......................................................................................... 3309
15.21.1 Troubleshooting InnoDB I/O Problems ......................................................... 3310
15.21.2 Troubleshooting Recovery Failures .............................................................. 3310
15.21.3 Forcing InnoDB Recovery ........................................................................... 3311
15.21.4 Troubleshooting InnoDB Data Dictionary Operations ..................................... 3312
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MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual
15.21.5 InnoDB Error Handling ................................................................................ 3313
15.22 InnoDB Limits ........................................................................................................ 3314
15.23 InnoDB Restrictions and Limitations ....................................................................... 3315
16 Alternative Storage Engines ................................................................................................ 3317
16.1 Setting the Storage Engine ...................................................................................... 3320
16.2 The MyISAM Storage Engine ................................................................................... 3321
16.2.1 MyISAM Startup Options ............................................................................... 3324
16.2.2 Space Needed for Keys ................................................................................ 3325
16.2.3 MyISAM Table Storage Formats .................................................................... 3325
16.2.4 MyISAM Table Problems ............................................................................... 3328
16.3 The MEMORY Storage Engine ................................................................................ 3329
16.4 The CSV Storage Engine ........................................................................................ 3334
16.4.1 Repairing and Checking CSV Tables ............................................................. 3335
16.4.2 CSV Limitations ............................................................................................ 3335
16.5 The ARCHIVE Storage Engine ................................................................................. 3335
16.6 The BLACKHOLE Storage Engine ........................................................................... 3337
16.7 The MERGE Storage Engine ................................................................................... 3339
16.7.1 MERGE Table Advantages and Disadvantages .............................................. 3342
16.7.2 MERGE Table Problems ............................................................................... 3343
16.8 The FEDERATED Storage Engine ........................................................................... 3344
16.8.1 FEDERATED Storage Engine Overview ......................................................... 3344
16.8.2 How to Create FEDERATED Tables .............................................................. 3346
16.8.3 FEDERATED Storage Engine Notes and Tips ................................................ 3348
16.8.4 FEDERATED Storage Engine Resources ....................................................... 3350
16.9 The EXAMPLE Storage Engine ................................................................................ 3350
16.10 Other Storage Engines .......................................................................................... 3350
16.11 Overview of MySQL Storage Engine Architecture .................................................... 3350
16.11.1 Pluggable Storage Engine Architecture ........................................................ 3352
16.11.2 The Common Database Server Layer .......................................................... 3352
17 Replication ......................................................................................................................... 3355
17.1 Configuring Replication ............................................................................................ 3357
17.1.1 Binary Log File Position Based Replication Configuration Overview ................. 3357
17.1.2 Setting Up Binary Log File Position Based Replication .................................... 3358
17.1.3 Replication with Global Transaction Identifiers ................................................ 3369
17.1.4 Changing GTID Mode on Online Servers ....................................................... 3392
17.1.5 MySQL Multi-Source Replication ................................................................... 3398
17.1.6 Replication and Binary Logging Options and Variables .................................... 3405
17.1.7 Common Replication Administration Tasks ..................................................... 3519
17.2 Replication Implementation ...................................................................................... 3525
17.2.1 Replication Formats ...................................................................................... 3526
17.2.2 Replication Channels .................................................................................... 3533
17.2.3 Replication Threads ...................................................................................... 3537
17.2.4 Relay Log and Replication Metadata Repositories .......................................... 3540
17.2.5 How Servers Evaluate Replication Filtering Rules ........................................... 3547
17.3 Replication Security ................................................................................................. 3555
17.3.1 Setting Up Replication to Use Encrypted Connections .................................... 3555
17.3.2 Encrypting Binary Log Files and Relay Log Files ............................................ 3558
17.3.3 Replication Privilege Checks ......................................................................... 3562
17.4 Replication Solutions ............................................................................................... 3568
17.4.1 Using Replication for Backups ....................................................................... 3569
17.4.2 Handling an Unexpected Halt of a Replica ..................................................... 3572
17.4.3 Monitoring Row-based Replication ................................................................. 3575
17.4.4 Using Replication with Different Source and Replica Storage Engines .............. 3575
17.4.5 Using Replication for Scale-Out ..................................................................... 3576
17.4.6 Replicating Different Databases to Different Replicas ...................................... 3578
17.4.7 Improving Replication Performance ................................................................ 3579
17.4.8 Switching Sources During Failover ................................................................ 3580
17.4.9 Switching Sources and Replicas with Asynchronous Connection Failover ......... 3583
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MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual
17.4.10 Semisynchronous Replication ...................................................................... 3586
17.4.11 Delayed Replication .................................................................................... 3592
17.5 Replication Notes and Tips ...................................................................................... 3595
17.5.1 Replication Features and Issues .................................................................... 3595
17.5.2 Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions ....................................... 3622
17.5.3 Upgrading a Replication Topology ................................................................. 3623
17.5.4 Troubleshooting Replication .......................................................................... 3625
17.5.5 How to Report Replication Bugs or Problems ................................................. 3626
18 Group Replication .............................................................................................................. 3629
18.1 Group Replication Background ................................................................................. 3630
18.1.1 Replication Technologies ............................................................................... 3631
18.1.2 Group Replication Use Cases ....................................................................... 3634
18.1.3 Multi-Primary and Single-Primary Modes ........................................................ 3635
18.1.4 Group Replication Services ........................................................................... 3639
18.1.5 Group Replication Plugin Architecture ............................................................ 3642
18.2 Getting Started ........................................................................................................ 3643
18.2.1 Deploying Group Replication in Single-Primary Mode ...................................... 3643
18.2.2 Deploying Group Replication Locally .............................................................. 3656
18.3 Requirements and Limitations .................................................................................. 3657
18.3.1 Group Replication Requirements ................................................................... 3657
18.3.2 Group Replication Limitations ........................................................................ 3660
18.4 Monitoring Group Replication ................................................................................... 3663
18.4.1 GTIDs and Group Replication ........................................................................ 3663
18.4.2 Group Replication Server States .................................................................... 3664
18.4.3 The replication_group_members Table .......................................................... 3665
18.4.4 The replication_group_member_stats Table ................................................... 3666
18.5 Group Replication Operations .................................................................................. 3666
18.5.1 Configuring an Online Group ......................................................................... 3666
18.5.2 Restarting a Group ....................................................................................... 3672
18.5.3 Transaction Consistency Guarantees ............................................................. 3674
18.5.4 Distributed Recovery ..................................................................................... 3680
18.5.5 Support For IPv6 And For Mixed IPv6 And IPv4 Groups ................................. 3695
18.5.6 Using MySQL Enterprise Backup with Group Replication ................................ 3697
18.6 Group Replication Security ....................................................................................... 3703
18.6.1 Methods for Connection Security Management ............................................... 3703
18.6.2 Securing Group Communication Connections with Secure Socket Layer (SSL) . 3705
18.6.3 Securing Distributed Recovery Connections ................................................... 3707
18.6.4 Group Replication IP Address Permissions .................................................... 3711
18.7 Group Replication Performance and Troubleshooting ................................................ 3714
18.7.1 Fine Tuning the Group Communication Thread .............................................. 3714
18.7.2 Flow Control ................................................................................................. 3715
18.7.3 Single Consensus Leader ............................................................................. 3716
18.7.4 Message Compression .................................................................................. 3717
18.7.5 Message Fragmentation ................................................................................ 3719
18.7.6 XCom Cache Management ........................................................................... 3719
18.7.7 Responses to Failure Detection and Network Partitioning ................................ 3721
18.7.8 Handling a Network Partition and Loss of Quorum .......................................... 3727
18.8 Upgrading Group Replication ................................................................................... 3731
18.8.1 Combining Different Member Versions in a Group .......................................... 3732
18.8.2 Group Replication Offline Upgrade ................................................................ 3734
18.8.3 Group Replication Online Upgrade ................................................................ 3734
18.9 Group Replication System Variables ......................................................................... 3738
18.10 Frequently Asked Questions ................................................................................... 3780
19 MySQL Shell ...................................................................................................................... 3785
20 Using MySQL as a Document Store ................................................................................... 3787
20.1 Interfaces to a MySQL Document Store .................................................................... 3788
20.2 Document Store Concepts ....................................................................................... 3788
20.3 JavaScript Quick-Start Guide: MySQL Shell for Document Store ................................ 3789
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MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual
20.3.1 MySQL Shell ................................................................................................ 3790
20.3.2 Download and Import world_x Database ........................................................ 3791
20.3.3 Documents and Collections ........................................................................... 3792
20.3.4 Relational Tables .......................................................................................... 3802
20.3.5 Documents in Tables .................................................................................... 3808
20.4 Python Quick-Start Guide: MySQL Shell for Document Store ..................................... 3809
20.4.1 MySQL Shell ................................................................................................ 3809
20.4.2 Download and Import world_x Database ........................................................ 3811
20.4.3 Documents and Collections ........................................................................... 3811
20.4.4 Relational Tables .......................................................................................... 3822
20.4.5 Documents in Tables .................................................................................... 3828
20.5 X Plugin .................................................................................................................. 3829
20.5.1 Checking X Plugin Installation ....................................................................... 3829
20.5.2 Disabling X Plugin ........................................................................................ 3829
20.5.3 Using Encrypted Connections with X Plugin ................................................... 3829
20.5.4 Using X Plugin with the Caching SHA-2 Authentication Plugin ......................... 3830
20.5.5 Connection Compression with X Plugin .......................................................... 3831
20.5.6 X Plugin Options and Variables ..................................................................... 3834
20.5.7 Monitoring X Plugin ...................................................................................... 3854
21 InnoDB Cluster ................................................................................................................... 3857
22 InnoDB ReplicaSet ............................................................................................................. 3861
23 MySQL NDB Cluster 8.0 .................................................................................................... 3863
23.1 General Information ................................................................................................. 3865
23.2 NDB Cluster Overview ............................................................................................. 3867
23.2.1 NDB Cluster Core Concepts .......................................................................... 3868
23.2.2 NDB Cluster Nodes, Node Groups, Fragment Replicas, and Partitions ............. 3871
23.2.3 NDB Cluster Hardware, Software, and Networking Requirements .................... 3873
23.2.4 What is New in NDB Cluster ......................................................................... 3875
23.2.5 Options, Variables, and Parameters Added, Deprecated or Removed in NDB
8.0 .......................................................................................................................... 3898
23.2.6 MySQL Server Using InnoDB Compared with NDB Cluster ............................. 3904
23.2.7 Known Limitations of NDB Cluster ................................................................. 3906
23.3 NDB Cluster Installation ........................................................................................... 3918
23.3.1 Installation of NDB Cluster on Linux .............................................................. 3920
23.3.2 Installing NDB Cluster on Windows ............................................................... 3928
23.3.3 Initial Configuration of NDB Cluster ............................................................... 3937
23.3.4 Initial Startup of NDB Cluster ........................................................................ 3939
23.3.5 NDB Cluster Example with Tables and Data .................................................. 3939
23.3.6 Safe Shutdown and Restart of NDB Cluster ................................................... 3943
23.3.7 Upgrading and Downgrading NDB Cluster ..................................................... 3943
23.3.8 The NDB Cluster Auto-Installer (No longer supported) .................................... 3946
23.4 Configuration of NDB Cluster ................................................................................... 3967
23.4.1 Quick Test Setup of NDB Cluster .................................................................. 3968
23.4.2 Overview of NDB Cluster Configuration Parameters, Options, and Variables ..... 3970
23.4.3 NDB Cluster Configuration Files .................................................................... 3990
23.4.4 Using High-Speed Interconnects with NDB Cluster ......................................... 4164
23.5 NDB Cluster Programs ............................................................................................ 4165
23.5.1 ndbd — The NDB Cluster Data Node Daemon ............................................... 4165
23.5.2 ndbinfo_select_all — Select From ndbinfo Tables ........................................... 4175
23.5.3 ndbmtd — The NDB Cluster Data Node Daemon (Multi-Threaded) .................. 4180
23.5.4 ndb_mgmd — The NDB Cluster Management Server Daemon ........................ 4181
23.5.5 ndb_mgm — The NDB Cluster Management Client ........................................ 4193
23.5.6 ndb_blob_tool — Check and Repair BLOB and TEXT columns of NDB Cluster
Tables ..................................................................................................................... 4198
23.5.7 ndb_config — Extract NDB Cluster Configuration Information .......................... 4204
23.5.8 ndb_delete_all — Delete All Rows from an NDB Table ................................... 4216
23.5.9 ndb_desc — Describe NDB Tables ............................................................... 4220
23.5.10 ndb_drop_index — Drop Index from an NDB Table ....................................... 4230
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MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual
23.5.11 ndb_drop_table — Drop an NDB Table ........................................................ 4234
23.5.12 ndb_error_reporter — NDB Error-Reporting Utility ......................................... 4238
23.5.13 ndb_import — Import CSV Data Into NDB .................................................... 4240
23.5.14 ndb_index_stat — NDB Index Statistics Utility .............................................. 4256
23.5.15 ndb_move_data — NDB Data Copy Utility ................................................... 4264
23.5.16 ndb_perror — Obtain NDB Error Message Information .................................. 4269
23.5.17 ndb_print_backup_file — Print NDB Backup File Contents ............................. 4272
23.5.18 ndb_print_file — Print NDB Disk Data File Contents ..................................... 4277
23.5.19 ndb_print_frag_file — Print NDB Fragment List File Contents ........................ 4277
23.5.20 ndb_print_schema_file — Print NDB Schema File Contents ........................... 4278
23.5.21 ndb_print_sys_file — Print NDB System File Contents .................................. 4279
23.5.22 ndb_redo_log_reader — Check and Print Content of Cluster Redo Log .......... 4279
23.5.23 ndb_restore — Restore an NDB Cluster Backup ........................................... 4281
23.5.24 ndb_select_all — Print Rows from an NDB Table ......................................... 4313
23.5.25 ndb_select_count — Print Row Counts for NDB Tables ................................. 4319
23.5.26 ndb_setup.py — Start browser-based Auto-Installer for NDB Cluster
(DEPRECATED) ...................................................................................................... 4323
23.5.27 ndb_show_tables — Display List of NDB Tables ........................................... 4327
23.5.28 ndb_size.pl — NDBCLUSTER Size Requirement Estimator ........................... 4331
23.5.29 ndb_top — View CPU usage information for NDB threads ............................. 4334
23.5.30 ndb_waiter — Wait for NDB Cluster to Reach a Given Status ........................ 4339
23.5.31 ndbxfrm — Compress, Decompress, Encrypt, and Decrypt Files Created by
NDB Cluster ............................................................................................................ 4345
23.6 Management of NDB Cluster ................................................................................... 4349
23.6.1 Commands in the NDB Cluster Management Client ........................................ 4350
23.6.2 NDB Cluster Log Messages .......................................................................... 4355
23.6.3 Event Reports Generated in NDB Cluster ...................................................... 4374
23.6.4 Summary of NDB Cluster Start Phases .......................................................... 4385
23.6.5 Performing a Rolling Restart of an NDB Cluster ............................................. 4387
23.6.6 NDB Cluster Single User Mode ..................................................................... 4389
23.6.7 Adding NDB Cluster Data Nodes Online ........................................................ 4390
23.6.8 Online Backup of NDB Cluster ...................................................................... 4400
23.6.9 MySQL Server Usage for NDB Cluster .......................................................... 4406
23.6.10 NDB Cluster Disk Data Tables .................................................................... 4408
23.6.11 Online Operations with ALTER TABLE in NDB Cluster .................................. 4414
23.6.12 Privilege Synchronization and NDB_STORED_USER ................................... 4417
23.6.13 NDB API Statistics Counters and Variables .................................................. 4418
23.6.14 ndbinfo: The NDB Cluster Information Database ........................................... 4430
23.6.15 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables for NDB Cluster ....................................... 4507
23.6.16 ndbcluster Plugin Threads ........................................................................... 4507
23.6.17 Quick Reference: NDB Cluster SQL Statements ........................................... 4508
23.6.18 NDB Cluster Security Issues ....................................................................... 4514
23.7 NDB Cluster Replication .......................................................................................... 4521
23.7.1 NDB Cluster Replication: Abbreviations and Symbols ..................................... 4523
23.7.2 General Requirements for NDB Cluster Replication ........................................ 4523
23.7.3 Known Issues in NDB Cluster Replication ...................................................... 4525
23.7.4 NDB Cluster Replication Schema and Tables ................................................. 4531
23.7.5 Preparing the NDB Cluster for Replication ..................................................... 4538
23.7.6 Starting NDB Cluster Replication (Single Replication Channel) ........................ 4540
23.7.7 Using Two Replication Channels for NDB Cluster Replication .......................... 4541
23.7.8 Implementing Failover with NDB Cluster Replication ....................................... 4542
23.7.9 NDB Cluster Backups With NDB Cluster Replication ....................................... 4544
23.7.10 NDB Cluster Replication: Bidirectional and Circular Replication ...................... 4550
23.7.11 NDB Cluster Replication Conflict Resolution ................................................. 4554
23.8 NDB Cluster Release Notes ..................................................................................... 4566
24 Partitioning ......................................................................................................................... 4567
24.1 Overview of Partitioning in MySQL ........................................................................... 4568
24.2 Partitioning Types .................................................................................................... 4571
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