Apache服务器权威指南：深入解析与实践

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"Apache权威指南，一本全面介绍http服务器Apache的学习资料。" Apache是全球最流行的开源HTTP服务器，广泛应用于各种Web服务场景。《Apache Cookbook》第二版由Ken Coar和Rich Bowen合著，旨在为读者提供详尽的Apache配置、管理和优化指导。这本书通过实例教程的形式，帮助用户深入理解Apache的工作原理并解决实际问题。本书涵盖了多个关键知识点： 1. **Apache基础配置**：解释了如何安装Apache服务器，设置基本的虚拟主机，以及管理日志文件。这对于初学者来说是至关重要的，因为理解这些基础知识是搭建和维护任何Web服务器的第一步。 2. **模块管理**：Apache通过模块化设计来扩展其功能，如mod_rewrite用于URL重写，mod_security用于增强安全性。书中详细介绍了如何启用、禁用和配置这些模块，以满足特定需求。 3. **安全与性能优化**：书中提供了关于如何保护Apache服务器免受攻击的安全策略，包括SSL/TLS配置，以及如何优化服务器性能以处理高流量的建议。 4. **负载均衡与集群**：对于大型网站，Apache可以与其他服务器协同工作，实现负载均衡和故障转移。书中会介绍如何使用mod_proxy和其他工具构建高效的集群解决方案。 5. **错误处理与调试**：讲解了如何解读错误日志，以及如何使用Apache的调试工具来诊断和解决问题，这对开发者来说非常实用。 6. **脚本语言集成**：Apache支持多种脚本语言如PHP、Perl和Python，书中介绍了如何将这些语言与Apache集成，实现动态内容的生成。 7. **性能监控与日志分析**：讨论了如何利用工具（如Webalizer或AWStats）来分析日志数据，以便了解服务器性能和用户行为，进一步优化服务器配置。 8. **高级特性**：包括CGI脚本、FastCGI、SSI（服务器端包含）、URL重写等高级话题，帮助用户充分利用Apache的功能。 9. **故障排查与维护**：提供了常见问题的解决方案，以及如何定期维护Apache服务器以确保其稳定运行。 10. **自动化与脚本化**：介绍了如何使用shell脚本和自动化工具进行批量配置和更新，提高管理效率。《Apache Cookbook》第二版是Apache管理员、开发人员和系统管理员的重要参考资料，它以实例驱动的方式，深入浅出地讲解了Apache服务器的各个方面，无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的专业人士，都能从中受益。通过阅读此书，你可以掌握Apache的核心概念，提高在实际工作中的操作技能，为你的Web服务提供更强大、更可靠的支撑。

Chapter 5, Aliases, Redirecting, and Rewriting, describes how to manipulate URLs, how

to control which files they refer to, how to change them from one thing to another, and

how to make them point to other Web sites.

Chapter 6, Security, covers some of the basic issues of securing your Apache server

against penetration and exposure by the nefarious elements on the Internet.

Chapter 7, SSL, addresses the issues of making your Apache Web server capable of

handling secure transactions with SSL-capable browsers—a must if you’re going to be

handling sensitive data such as money transfers or medical records.

Chapter 8, Dynamic Content, tells you how to enhance your server with runtime scripts

and make them operate as a particular user.

Chapter 9, Error Handling, describes how to customize the Web server’s error messages

to give your site its own unique flavor.

Chapter 10, Proxies, describes how to configure your Apache server to act as a proxy

between users and Web pages and make the processes as transparent and seamless as

possible.

Chapter 11, Performance, includes a number of recipes for addressing performance

bottlenecks and improving the overall function of your Apache server.

Chapter 12, Directory Listings, describes how to customize the module for displaying

a directory listing as a Web page.

Chapter 13, Miscellaneous Topics, covers a variety of miscellaneous topics that didn’t

seem to fit into any of the other chapters.

Appendix A, Using Regular Expressions in Apache, explains how regular expressions

are used for pattern-matching in Apache directives.

Appendix B, Troubleshooting, covers some basic troubleshooting techniques, where to

look for messages, common configuration problems, and so on.

Conventions Used in This Book

Throughout this book certain stylistic conventions are followed. Once you are accus-

tomed to them, you can easily distinguish between comments, commands you need to

type, values you need to supply, and so forth.

In some cases, the typeface of terms in the main text will be different and likewise in

code examples. The details of what the different styles (italic, boldface, etc.) mean are

described in the following sections.

Programming Conventions

In this book, most case examples of code will be in the form of excerpts from scripts,

rather than actual application code. When commands need to be issued at a command-

xiv | Preface

The online manual (“man”) pages on a Unixish system

References to the manpages will appear something like, “For more information, see the

kill(1) manpage.” The number in parentheses is the manual section; you can access this

page with a command such as:

% man 1 kill

The Apache Web server documentation

Such a reference may appear as “See the mod_auth documentation for details.” This

refers to a Web page like:

http://httpd.apache.org/docs/mod/mod_auth.html

In some cases, the reference will be to a specific Apache directive rather than an actual

module; in cases like this, you can locate the appropriate Web page by looking up the

directive name on:

http://httpd.apache.org/docs/mod/directives.html

This page lists all of the directives available in the standard Apache package. In some

situations, the directive may be specific to a nonstandard or third-party module, in

which case the documentation should be located wherever the module itself was found.

The links above are for the documentation for Version 1.3 of the software. To access

the documentation for Version 2.0, replace “docs/” with “docs-2.0/” in the URLs.

Using Code Examples

This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, you may use the code in

this book in your programs and documentation. You do not need to contact us for

permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the code. For example,

writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this book does not require

permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from O’Reilly books does

require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting example

code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of example code

from this book into your product’s documentation does require permission.

We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title,

author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “Apache Cookbook, Second Edition, by Ken

978-0-596-52994-9.”

If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above,

feel free to contact us at permissions@oreilly.com.

xvi | Preface

Acknowledgments

Originally, each recipe was going to be individually attributed, but that turned out to

be logistically impossible.

Many people have helped us during the writing of this book, by posing a problem,

providing a solution, proofreading, reviewing, editing, or just (!) providing moral sup-

port. This multitude, to each of whom we are profoundly grateful, includes Nat Tor-

kington (our project editor and demonstrator of Herculean feats of patience), Sharco

and Guy- from #apache on irc.freenode.net, Mads Toftum, Morbus Iff (known to the

FBI under the alias Kevin Hemenway), and Andy Holman.

Ken Coar

I dedicate this book to my significantly better half, Cathy Coar, who has performed

Heraclean feats of love and support on my behalf for more than two decades.

My sincere thanks go out to the crew at O’Reilly, for their deific patience and under-

standing. Thanks also to the WriterBase Authors Support Group and Cabal mailing

lists, whereon much balm and advice was offered. Our technical reviewers provided

much excellent feedback and helped make this a better book.

The people who have worked on the Apache Web server documentation, and the peo-

ple who develop the software itself, get a big note of thanks, too; without the former,

collating a lot of the information in this book would have been a whole lot more diffi-

cult, and without the latter, the book wouldn’t have happened at all.

The users of the software, whose frequently challenging questions populate the mailing

lists, the IRC channels, and our inboxes, deserve thanks for all the inspiration they

unwittingly provided for the recipes in this book.

But foremost among those to whom I owe gratitude is my significantly better half,

Cathy, without whose patience, support, and constructive criticism I would never have

achieved what I have.

Rich Bowen

I dedicate this book to the experts on #apache who answer so many of these questions

every day, and to the beginners, on their way to becoming experts, who ask them.

A huge thank you goes to all the many people involved in making this book a reality.

Tatiana, thank you for your patience and persistent assistance throughout this process.

And, finally, thanks go to my wonderful family. To Sarah, who always looks for my

books at the bookstore. To Isaiah, for all his boundless energy and tight hugs. And to

my Best Beloved, for helping me discover so much Pointless Beauty.

xviii | Preface

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