ANTLR3权威指南：解析与翻译文本的必备工具

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"ANTLR3最终手册 - 最佳ANTLR3学习文档" ANTLR，全称ANother Tool for Language Recognition，是一个强大的解析器生成器，用于读取、处理、执行或翻译结构化文本或二进制文件。它广泛应用于构建语言、工具和框架。ANTLR3是其第三个主要版本，该版本在解析器生成领域内被广泛认可和使用。 ANTLR3的主要功能包括： 1. **语法定义**：ANTLR3允许用户使用扩展的巴科斯范式（EBNF）来定义语法规则，这使得创建复杂的语言解析器变得简单直观。 2. **目标语言支持**：ANTLR3可以生成多种目标语言的解析器和词法分析器，如Java、C#、Python等，方便跨平台开发。 3. **树解析**：ANTLR3不仅生成词法分析器和语法解析器，还支持树解析，使得对解析结果进行抽象语法树（AST）的操作和转换成为可能。 4. **错误处理**：ANTLR3提供了一套完整的错误处理机制，能够有效地报告和处理解析过程中的错误。 5. **性能优化**：ANTLR3生成的解析器通常具有良好的性能，能有效处理大规模输入。 6. **灵活性**：ANTLR3允许用户自定义词法符号和语法结构，以适应各种特定需求，如创建领域特定语言（DSL）。 7. **社区支持**：ANTLR拥有活跃的社区，提供了丰富的示例、教程和插件，便于开发者学习和解决问题。《ANTLR 详细说明手册》作为ANTLR3的最佳学习文档，涵盖了从基础概念到高级特性的全面讲解，包括如何编写语法文件、调试生成的解析器、构建AST以及利用ANTLR工具进行优化。书中包含的实际案例和经验分享，如Martin Fowler、Bob McWhirter和Neal Gafter的推荐，展示了ANTLR在语言设计、规则引擎和编译器领域的广泛应用。对于任何需要处理文本解析、转换或者创建自定义语言的开发者来说，掌握ANTLR3是提升工作效率和灵活性的关键步骤。通过阅读此书，读者不仅可以深入理解ANTLR3的工作原理，还能学习到如何根据自己的需求定制解析器，实现对特定任务的精确控制，从而在职业生涯中迈入新的阶段。

WHY A COMPLETELY NEW VERSION OF ANTLR? 16

You generate and recognize sentences by walking th eir implicit tree

structure, from the most abstract concept at the root to the vocabulary

symbols at the leaves. Each subtree represents a phrase of a sentence

and maps dir ect l y to a rule in your grammar. ANTLR’s grammars and

resulting top-down recursive-descent recognizers thus feel very nat-

ural. ANTLR’s fundamental approach dovetails your innat e language

process.

Why a Complete l y New Version of ANTL R?

For the past four years, I have been working feverishly to design and

build ANTLR v3, the subject of this book. ANTLR v3 is a completely

rewri tten version and represents the culmination of twenty year s of

language research. Most ANTLR users will instantly ﬁnd it familiar,

but many of the details are different. ANTLR retains its strong mojo

in this new version while correcting a n umber of deﬁciencies, quirks,

and weaknesses of ANTLR v2 (I felt free to break backward compatibil-

ity in order to achieve this). Speciﬁcally, I didn’t like the following about

v2:

• The v2 lexers were very slow albeit powerful.

• There were no unit tests for v2.

• The v2 code base was i mpenetrable. The code was never refactored

to clean it up, partially for fear of breaking it without unit tests.

• The l i near approximate LL(k) parsing strategy was a bit weak.

• Building a new language target duplicated vast swaths of logic and

print statements.

• The AST construction mechanism was too informal.

• A number of common tasks were not easy (such as obtaining the

text matched by a parser rule).

• It lacked the semantic predicates hoisting of ANTLR v1 ( PCCTS).

• The v2 license/contributor trail was loose and made big compa-

nies afraid to use it.

ANTLR v3 is my answer to the issues in v2. ANTLR v3 has a very clean

and well-organized code base with lots of unit tests. ANTLR generates

extremely powerful LL(*) recognizers that are fast and easy to read.

8. See http://www.antlr.org/blog/antlr3/antlr2.bashing.tml for notes on what people did not like

about v2. ANTLR v2 also suffered because it was designed and built while I was under

the workload and stress of a new start-up (jGuru.com).

WHO IS THIS BOOK FOR? 18

Who Is This Book For ?

The primary audience for this book is the practicing software developer,

though it is suitable for junior and senior computer science under-

graduates. This book is speciﬁcally targeted at any programmer inter-

ested in learning to use ANTLR to build interpreters and translators for

domain-speciﬁc languages. Beginners and experts alike will need this

book to use ANTLR v3 effectively. For the most part, the level of discus-

sion is accessible to the average programmer. Portions of Part III, how-

ever, require some language experience to fully appreciate. Although

the examples in this book are written in Java, their substance applies

equally well to the other language targets such as C, C++, Objective-C,

Python, C#, and so on. Readers should know Java to get the most out

of the book.

What’s in This Book?

This book is the best, most complete source of information on ANTLR

v3 th at you’ll ﬁnd anywhere. The free, online documentation provides

enough to learn the basic grammar syntax and semanti cs but doesn’t

explain ANTLR concepts in detail. This book helps you g et the most

out of ANTLR and is required reading to become an advanced user.

In particular, Part III provides the only thorough explanation available

anywhere of ANTLR’s LL(*) parsing strategy.

This book is organized as follows. Part I introduces ANTLR, describes

how the nature of computer languages dictates the nature of language

recognizers, and provides a complete calculator example. Part II is the

main reference section and provides all the details you’ll need to build

large and complex grammars and translators. Part III treks through

ANTLR’s predicated-LL(*) parsing strategy and explains the grammar

analysis errors you might encounter. Predicated-LL(*) is a totally new

parsing strategy, and Part III is essentially the only written documen-

tation you’ll ﬁnd for it. You’ll need to be familiar with the contents in

order to build complicated translators.

Readers who are totally new to grammars and language tools should

follow the chapter sequence in Part I as is. Chapter

1, Getting Started

with ANTLR, on page 21 wil l familiarize you with ANTLR’s basic idea;

Chapter

2, The Nature of Computer Languages, on page 34 gets you

ready to study grammars more formally in Part II; and Chapter

3, A

Quick Tour for the Impatient, on page 59 g i ves your brain something

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