Go编程实战：革新软件开发之道

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《Go编程语言在实践中的应用》本硕士论文由埃里克·韦斯特鲁普和弗雷德里克·佩特森在2014年6月9日针对伦德大学计算机科学系在阿克斯通信公司进行的研究项目完成。该研究旨在探讨Go编程语言在现代软件开发中的实际应用，以及其如何解决Google在软件开发过程中遇到的问题。 Go语言是由谷歌的三位知名开发者罗伯·派克、肯·汤普森和罗伯特·格里斯梅尔共同创造的。在此之前，Google在开发过程中面临诸多挑战，如构建速度慢、依赖关系难以控制、代码难以阅读、文档质量低下等。Go的设计初衷是为了提供一个高效、简洁且易于维护的解决方案，以改善这些困扰。 Go语言的设计原则包括了并行编程的友好性（通过goroutines和channels）、内存管理的自动化（通过垃圾回收机制）、以及简洁明了的语法，这使得它在大型项目和分布式系统中展现出强大的潜力。Go的目标是让开发人员能够更专注于业务逻辑，而不是底层细节的管理。在本论文中，作者详细考察了Go语言的关键特性，如静态类型系统、并发模型、包管理器（Go modules）以及其在错误处理和性能优化方面的设计。此外，还分析了Go在实际项目中的应用案例，包括其在网络安全、云计算、微服务架构等领域的成功实践。论文通过对比Go与其他主流编程语言（如C++、Java、Python等），评估了Go的优缺点，并讨论了Go在适应现代软件开发趋势（如DevOps和持续集成/持续部署）中的表现。此外，论文还探讨了Go社区的发展和生态系统，包括工具链的成熟度、第三方库的支持，以及Go在企业级开发中的接纳程度。结论部分，作者总结了Go语言在实践中的价值和潜在提升空间，同时也提出了一些关于Go未来发展的展望，比如对性能优化、语言特性的扩展以及在教育和培训领域的应用。整体而言，这份论文为正在考虑使用Go或想要深入了解Go语言的开发者提供了实用的参考，并展示了Go作为一种现代化工具在解决当前软件开发挑战中的有效性。

1. Introduction

gc at the moment. The architecture used in many of Axis’ modern products is MIPS, and

also in this thesis since access to such devices were provided. At the time of writing, gc

does not support this architecture but gccgo does (along with x86, x64, PowerPC, Alpha

and more), so it becomes necessary for such use cases to build a cross-compiling GCC [8].

Besides the advantage of supporting more architectures and operating systems gccgo

also supports dynamic linking of libraries while gc only supports the opposite, static link-

ing [9, Why is my trivial program such a large binary?]. Linking libraries statically means

that the external functions found in the library are resolved during compile time and copied

into the target object ﬁle. Dynamic linking means that the functions are resolved and

loaded into memory during runtime instead. The advantage of a statically linked exe-

cutable is that it is self-contained. This means that the system does not have to be changed

in order to run the program, which makes the program more portable. The disadvantage is

that the executable becomes large in disk size. The advantage with a dynamically linked

executable is that the disk usage becomes smaller as many programs can share the com-

mon code which is good on systems with scarce storage resources. The disadvantage is

that the shared object has to be loaded into memory (takes time) and must ﬁt in the RAM

memory which could be a problem if the system has a small memory [10].

Later in the thesis we will compare the build tool in Go to other build systems like

Makeﬁles, Autotools, etc. An important thing to have in mind here is that there will be no

extensive survey about this, mostly because we consider this to be a master’s thesis of its

own. Instead we will provide a comparison from our own experience with these tools.

As we will talk quite a lot about cross-compilation in this thesis we need to establish

what this means and the related terms in this context.

Platform A computer system setup consisting of a hardware architecture, operating sys-

tem and its libraries [11].

Build platform The platform where the compiler is being built on i.e. where the compiler

is compiled.

Host platform The platform where the compiler will run i.e. the system where the com-

piler is used.

Target platform The platform where the resulting executables compiled by the compiler

will run [12].

Cross-compilation When the host 6= target. In normal compilation they are the same.

Canadian Cross When build 6= host 6= target i.e. the compiler is built on one machine,

runs on a second and produces executables for a third one.

1.3 Purpose & Goals

The purpose of this master’s thesis is to investigate the challenges in introducing Go as

the main language/platform for developing embedded platforms. We want to ﬁnd out, in

some sense, how good Go is in theory and practice as well as seeing if and how it solves

problems programmers face in other languages. More speciﬁcally we want to know how

1.4 Problem Formulation

Go stands in an embedded programming environment which sets more requirements on

the surrounding toolchains to be able to support multiple architectures. Companies like

Axis are interested in knowing if adopting Go is aﬀordable in the sense of education of

employees and wants to know the answer to questions like if the language, tools, and

community are mature enough for production. This means that the purpose of this thesis

is not just to look at the language itself but the whole surrounding developer environment.

This includes looking at the community, availability of resources, the future development

of the language.

1.4 Problem Formulation

The questions in this section originated from the the initial thesis proposal from Axis.

From the proposal we, with the help of our supervisors, could produce a more detailed list

of interesting questions, which ﬁnally resulted in the questions below. Many of them are of

subjective nature but throughout the thesis we try to give good arguments and discussions

to support our opinions.

1.4.1 The Go Programming Language

The most important thing to study is obviously the language syntax, features and standard

library.

• Is the language itself easy to use and understand when having a background similar

to ours i.e. being adept in languages like C, C++ or Java?

• Is it easier and less error prone to write correct concurrent software in Go compared

to other mainstream languages?

• Are the standard libraries and other common libraries mature enough for usage in

production software development?

• Before learning and using a language there should be some type of assurance of

the future and maintenance of the language, libraries, compilers and tools. Go is

developed by Google, but how is the language governed now (and in the future)?

• How much can other parties inﬂuence the development of Go and what would hap-

pen if Google loses interest; is there a committee and community that could take

over?

• Is a permissive license in use for the language speciﬁcation and current implemen-

tation of tools and libraries?

1.4.2 Building & Compiling

No software is good if we cannot compile and use it; how well can we do this with Go

programs:

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