C++标准库教程与参考：STL详解

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C++ Standard Library, 或称为 C++ 标准程序库 (STL)，是 C++ 语言的核心组成部分，它提供了一组通用、高效的数据结构（如容器、算法和迭代器）以及功能强大的工具，用于处理大量数据和执行复杂的操作。这本英文版教程和参考书《The C++ Standard Library: A Tutorial and Reference》由 Nicolai M. Josuttis 所著，旨在帮助读者深入理解和利用 STL 功能，以提高编程效率。 C++ STL 是设计为可重用和模块化的，它允许程序员在不依赖于具体实现细节的情况下编写代码，从而提高了代码的可维护性和跨平台兼容性。书中涵盖了诸如 vector（动态数组）、list（双向链表）、deque（双端队列）、set 和 map（关联容器）等容器，这些容器提供了不同性能特性的数据存储方式。此外，STL 还包括了像 sort（排序）、find（查找）、insert（插入）和 erase（删除）这样的基础算法，以及迭代器（ iterators），它们使得对容器的操作更加灵活和高效。书中强调了模板编程的概念，这是 C++ STL 的基石，通过模板，STL 可以适应各种类型的数据，无需为每种数据类型单独编写代码。此外，STL 还包含许多高级特性，如智能指针（smart pointers）、容器适配器（container adaptors）以及算法组合（algorithmic metafunctions），这些都体现了 STL 在设计上的灵活性和强大功能。值得注意的是，尽管本书力求详尽，但出版社仍明确声明，书中可能存在错误或遗漏，并不承担任何明示或默示的保修责任。同时，对于批量订购的折扣信息，读者可以联系 Addison-Wesley Longman Inc. 的 AW Direct Sales 获取更多详情。《The C++ Standard Library: A Tutorial and Reference》是一本深入讲解 C++ 标准程序库的权威指南，适合那些希望提升 C++ 编程技能，特别是使用 STL 进行高效数据处理和算法设计的开发者。通过阅读这本书，学习者将能够掌握如何有效地利用 STL 来构建模块化、高效的 C++ 应用程序，同时也能理解其背后的原理和设计哲学。

The C++ Standard Library

dyne-book

Templates are functions or classes that are written for one or more types not yet specified. When

you use a template, you pass the types as arguments, explicitly or implicitly. The following is a

typical example — a function that returns the maximum of two values:

template <class T>

inline const T& max (const T& a, const T& b)

{

// if a <b then use b else use a

return a < b ? b : a;

}

Here, the first line defines T as an arbitrary data type that is specified by the caller when the caller

calls the function. You can use any identifier as a parameter name, but using T is very common, if

not a de facto convention. The type is classified by class, although it does not have to be a

class. You can use any data type as long as it provides the operations that the template uses.

[3]

class was used here to avoid the introduction of a new keyword when templates were introduced.

However, now there is a new keyword, typename, that you can also use here (see page 11).

Following the same principle, you can "parameterize" classes on arbitrary types. This is useful for

container classes. You can implement the container operations for an arbitrary element type. The

C++ standard library provides many template container classes (for example, see Chapter 6 or

Chapter 10). It also uses template classes for many other reasons. For example, the string

classes are parameterized on the type of the characters and the properties of the character set

(see Chapter 11).

A template is not compiled once to generate code usable for any type; instead, it is compiled for

each type or combination of types for which it is used. This leads to an important problem in the

handling of templates in practice: You must have the implementation of a template function

available when you call it, so that you can compile the function for your specific type. Therefore,

the only portable way of using templates at the moment is to implement them in header files by

using inline functions.

[4]

To avoid the problem of templates having to be present in header files, the standard introduced a

template compilation model with the keyword export. However, I have not seen it implemented yet.

The full functionality of the C++ standard library requires not only the support of templates in

general, but also many new standardized template features, including those discussed in the

following paragraphs.

Nontype Template Parameters

In addition to type parameters, it is also possible to use nontype parameters. A nontype

parameter is then considered as part of the type. For example, for the standard class bitset<>

(class bitset<> is introduced in Section 10.4,) you can pass the number of bits as the

template argument. The following statements define two bitfields, one with 32 bits and one with

50 bits:

bitset<32> fIags32; // bitset with 32 bits

bitset<50> flags50; // bitset with 50 bits

These bitsets have different types because they use different template arguments. Thus, you

can't assign or compare them (except if a corresponding type conversion is provided).

Default Template Parameters

The C++ Standard Library

dyne-book

Templates classes may have default arguments. For example, the following declaration allows

one to declare objects of class MyClass with one or two template arguments

[5]

Note that you have to put a space between the two ">" characters. ">>" would be parsed as shift

operator, which would result in a syntax error.

template <class T, class container = vector<T> >

class MyClass;

If you pass only one argument, the default parameter is used as second argument:

MyClass<int> x1; // equivalent to: MyClass<int,vector<int> >

Note that default template arguments may be defined in terms of previous arguments.

Keyword

typename

The keyword typename was introduced to specify that the identifier that follows is a type.

Consider the following example:

template <class T>

Class MyClass {

typename T::SubType * ptr;

...

};

Here, typename is used to clarify that SubType is a type of class T. Thus, ptr is a pointer to

the type T::SubType. Without typename, SubType would be considered a static member.

Thus

T::SubType * ptr

would be a multiplication of value SubType of type T with ptr.

According to the qualification of SubType being a type, any type that is used in place of T must

provide an inner type SubType. For example, the use of type Q as a template argument

MyClass<Q> x;

is possible only if type Q has an inner type definition such as the following:

class Q {

typedef int SubType;

...

};

In this case, the ptr member of MyClass<Q> would be a pointer to type int. However, the

subtype could also be an abstract data type (such as a class):

class Q {

class SubType;

...

};

Note that typename is always necessary to qualify an identifier of a template as being a type,

even if an interpretation that is not a type would make no sense. Thus, the general rule in C++ is

that any identifier of a template is considered to be a value, except it is qualified by typename.

Apart from this, typename can also be used instead of class in a template declaration:

template <typename T> class MyClass;

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