ISO/IEC 13818-1 MPEG-2 System Standard: Complete Overview and Components

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ISO/IEC 13818-1:2000(E)，通常称为MPEG-2系统标准，是信息技术领域关于移动图像和关联音频信息的通用编码标准的第一部分。这个标准主要关注系统的架构和技术细节，对于电视广播、视频传输以及多媒体内容的压缩和解码具有重要意义。该标准分为六个主要部分： 1. **Part 1: Systems** - 这部分定义了MPEG-2的整体框架，包括系统模型、数据流结构、信道编码和解码器的要求。它概述了视频和音频信号的封装格式，确保不同设备间的兼容性。 2. **Part 2: Video** - 视频编码部分详细规定了视频数据的压缩方法，如H.262/MPEG-2 Video编码，包括帧率、分辨率和色彩空间，以及错误处理机制。 3. **Part 3: Audio** - 音频编码涉及MPEG-1 Layer II和Layer III（MP2和MP3）的音频编码技术，以及后来的高级音频编码（AAC），用于提供高质量音频的同时保持较低的数据传输需求。 4. **Part 4: Compliance testing** - 这部分强调了测试方法，确保所有遵循MPEG-2标准的产品都达到规定的性能指标和质量要求。 5. **Part 5: Software simulation** - 提供了软件模拟工具，帮助开发者在没有实际硬件的情况下验证编码和解码的性能，节省成本并缩短开发周期。 6. **Part 6: Extensions for DSM-CC** - Digital Signature Message (DSM) for Copy Control，这是一种版权保护技术，确保数字内容在传输过程中不被非法复制或修改。 7. **Part 9: Extension for real-time interface for systems decoders** - 实时接口扩展，针对实时应用的需求，优化了系统解码器的性能和交互性。 8. **Part 10: Conformance extensions for DSM-CC** - 更进一步地扩展了DSM-CC的合规性，以适应不断变化的技术环境和新的版权管理需求。 9. **PDF disclaimer** - 提供的PDF文件可能包含嵌入字体，根据Adobe的许可政策，只能用于打印或查看，不能编辑，除非已获得嵌入字体的授权。 ISO/IEC 13818-1是数字媒体领域的重要基石，为电视、互联网视频以及DVD等早期的高清视频格式提供了基础规范。它的广泛采用促进了全球范围内多媒体内容的标准化和互操作性。

In the Program Stream both fixed and variable packet lengths are allowed subject to constraints as specified in 2.5.1

and 2.5.2. For Transport Streams the packet length is 188 bytes. Both fixed and variable PES packet lengths are allowed,

and will be relatively long in most applications.

On decoding, demultiplexing is required to reconstitute elementary streams from the multiplexed Program Stream or

Transport Stream. Stream_id codes in Program Stream packet headers, and Packet ID codes in the Transport Stream

make this possible.

Intro. 8.2 Synchronization

Synchronization among multiple elementary streams is accomplished with Presentation Time Stamps (PTS) in the

Program Stream and Transport streams. Time stamps are generally in units of 90 kHz, but the System Clock Reference

(SCR), the Program Clock Reference (PCR) and the optional Elementary Stream Clock Reference (ESCR) have

extensions with a resolution of 27 MHz. Decoding of N-elementary streams is synchronized by adjusting the decoding of

streams to a common master time base rather than by adjusting the decoding of one stream to match that of another. The

master time base may be one of the N-decoders’ clocks, the data source’s clock, or it may be some external clock.

Each program in a Transport Stream, which may contain multiple programs, may have its own time base. The time bases

of different programs within a Transport Stream may be different.

Because PTSs apply to the decoding of individual elementary streams, they reside in the PES packet layer of both the

Transport Streams and Program Streams. End-to-end synchronization occurs when encoders save time stamps at capture

time, when the time stamps propagate with associated coded data to decoders, and when decoders use those time stamps

to schedule presentations.

Synchronization of a decoding system with a channel is achieved through the use of the SCR in the Program Stream and

by its analogue, the PCR, in the Transport Stream. The SCR and PCR are time stamps encoding the timing of the bit

stream itself, and are derived from the same time base used for the audio and video PTS values from the same program.

Since each program may have its own time base, there are separate PCR fields for each program in a Transport Stream

containing multiple programs. In some cases it may be possible for programs to share PCR fields. Refer to 2.4.4,

Program Specific Information (PSI), for the method of identifying which PCR is associated with a program. A program

shall have one and only one PCR time base associated with it.

Intro. 8.3 Relation to compression layer

The PES packet layer is independent of the compression layer in some senses, but not in all. It is independent in the sense

that PES packet payloads need not start at compression layer start codes, as defined in Parts 2 and 3 of ISO/IEC 13818.

For example, video start codes may occur anywhere within the payload of a PES packet, and start codes may be split by a

PES packet header. However, time stamps encoded in PES packet headers apply to presentation times of compression

layer constructs (namely, presentation units). In addition, when the elementary stream data conforms to ITU-T

Rec. H.262 | ISO/IEC 13818-2 or ISO/IEC 13818-3, the PES_packet_data_bytes shall be byte aligned to the bytes of this

Recommendation | International Standard.

Intro. 9 System reference decoder

Part 1 of ISO/IEC 13818 employs a "System Target Decoder" (STD), one for Transport Streams (refer to 2.4.2) referred

to as "Transport System Target Decoder" (T-STD) and one for Program Streams (refer to 2.5.2) referred to as "Program

System Target Decoder" (P-STD), to provide a formalism for timing and buffering relationships. Because the STD is

parameterized in terms of ITU-T Rec. H.222.0 | ISO/IEC 13818-1 fields (for example, buffer sizes) each elementary

stream leads to its own parameterization of the STD. Encoders shall produce bit streams that meet the appropriate STD’s

constraints. Physical decoders may assume that a stream plays properly on its STD. The physical decoder must

compensate for ways in which its design differs from that of the STD.

Intro. 10 Applications

The streams defined in this Recommendation | International Standard are intended to be as useful as possible to a wide

variety of applications. Application developers should select the most appropriate stream.

Modern data communications networks may be capable of supporting ITU-T Rec. H.222.0 | ISO/IEC 13818-1 video and

ISO/IEC 13818 audio. A real time transport protocol is required. The Program Stream may be suitable for transmission

on such networks.

ISO/IEC 13818-1:2000(E)

ISO/IEC 13818-1 : 2000 (E)

ITU-T Rec. H.222.0 (2000 E) 1

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD

ISO/IEC 13818-1 : 2000 (E)

ITU-T Rec. H.222.0 (2000 E)

ITU-T RECOMMENDATION

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – GENERIC CODING OF MOVING

PICTURES AND ASSOCIATED AUDIO INFORMATION: SYSTEMS

SECTION 1 – GENERAL

1.1 Scope

This Recommendation | International Standard specifies the system layer of the coding. It was developed principally to

support the combination of the video and audio coding methods defined in Parts 2 and 3 of ISO/IEC 13818. The system

layer supports five basic functions:

1) the synchronization of multiple compressed streams on decoding;

2) the interleaving of multiple compressed streams into a single stream;

3) the initialization of buffering for decoding start up;

4) continuous buffer management; and

5) time identification.

An ITU-T Rec. H.222.0 | ISO/IEC 13818-1 multiplexed bit stream is either a Transport Stream or a Program Stream.

Both streams are constructed from PES packets and packets containing other necessary information. Both stream types

support multiplexing of video and audio compressed streams from one program with a common time base. The

Transport Stream additionally supports the multiplexing of video and audio compressed streams from multiple

programs with independent time bases. For almost error-free environments the Program Stream is generally more

appropriate, supporting software processing of program information. The Transport Stream is more suitable for use in

environments where errors are likely.

An ITU-T Rec. H.222.0 | ISO/IEC 13818-1 multiplexed bit stream, whether a Transport Stream or a Program Stream, is

constructed in two layers: the outermost layer is the system layer, and the innermost is the compression layer. The system

layer provides the functions necessary for using one or more compressed data streams in a system. The video and audio

parts of this Specification define the compression coding layer for audio and video data. Coding of other types of data is

not defined by this Specification, but is supported by the system layer provided that the other types of data adhere to the

constraints defined in 2.7.

1.2 Normative references

The following Recommendations and International Standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text,

constitute provisions of this Recommendation | International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated

were valid. All Recommendations and Standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this

Recommendation | International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent

edition of the Recommendations and Standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently

valid International Standards. The Telecommunication Standardization Bureau of the ITU maintains a list of currently

valid ITU-T Recommendations.

1.2.1 Identical Recommendations | International Standards

– ITU-T Recommendation H.262 (2000) | ISO/IEC 13818-2:2000, Information technology – Generic

coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Video.

ISO/IEC 13818-1 : 2000 (E)

2 ITU-T Rec. H.222.0 (2000 E)

1.2.2 Paired Recommendations | International Standards equivalent in technical content

– ITU-T Recommendation T.171 (1996), Protocols for interactive audiovisual services: coded represen-

tation of multimedia and hypermedia objects.

ISO/IEC 13522-1:1997, Information technology – Coding of multimedia and hypermedia information –

Part 1: MHEG object representation – Base notation (ASN.1).

1.2.3 Additional references

– ISO 639-2:1998, Codes for the representation of names of languages – Part 2: Alpha-3 code.

– ISO 8859-1:1987, Information processing – 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets – Part 1: Latin

alphabet No. 1.

– ISO/IEC 11172-1:1993, Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for

digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s – Part 1: Systems.

– ISO/IEC 11172-2:1993, Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for

digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s – Part 2: Video.

– ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993, Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for

digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s – Part 3: Audio.

– ISO/IEC 13818-3:1998, Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and associated

audio information – Part 3: Audio.

– ISO/IEC 13818-6:1998, Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and associated

audio information – Part 6: Extensions for DSM-CC.

– ISO/IEC 13818-7:1997, Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and associated

audio information – Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)

– ISO/IEC 14496-1:1999, Information technology – Coding of audio-visual objects – Part 1: Systems

– ISO/IEC 14496-2:1999, Information technology – Coding of audio-visual objects – Part 2: Visual

– ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999, Information technology – Coding of audio-visual objects – Part 3: Audio

– ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999/Amd.1:2000, Information technology – Coding of audio-visual objects – Part 3:

Audio, Amendment 1: Audio extensions

– Recommendation ITU-R BT.601.3, Encoding parameters of digital television for studios.

– Recommendation ITU-R BT.470-2, Television systems.

– Recommendation ITU-R BR.648, Digital recording of audio signals.

– Report ITU-R BO.955.2, Satellite sound broadcasting of vehicular, portable, and fixed receivers in the

range 500-3000 MHz.

– CCITT Recommendation J.17 (1988), Pre-emphasis used on sound-programme circuits.

– IEEE Standard 1180:1990, Standard Specification for the Implementations of 8 by 8 Inverse Discrete

Cosine Transform.

– IEC Publication 60908:1987, Compact disc digital audio system.

SECTION 2 – TECHNICAL ELEMENTS

2.1 Definitions

For the purposes of this Recommendation | International Standard, the following definitions apply. If specific to a Part,

this is parenthetically noted.

2.1.1 access unit (system): A coded representation of a presentation unit. In the case of audio, an access unit is the

coded representation of an audio frame.

In the case of video, an access unit includes all the coded data for a picture, and any stuffing that follows it, up to but not

including the start of the next access unit. If a picture is not preceded by a group_start_code or a sequence_header_code,

the access unit begins with the picture start code. If a picture is preceded by a group_start_code and/or a

sequence_header_code, the access unit begins with the first byte of the first of these start codes. If it is the last picture

preceding a sequence_end_code in the bitstream, all bytes between the last byte of the coded picture and the

sequence_end_code (including the sequence_end_code) belong to the access unit.

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