C++标准程序库详解：自修教程与参考手册

5星 · 超过95%的资源需积分: 15 121 浏览量更新于2024-07-26 15 收藏 4.55MB PDF 举报

"《C++标准程序库:自修教程与参考手册》是全面解析C++标准程序库的权威指南，特别关注了标准模板库(STL)，涵盖了容器、迭代器、仿函数和算法等多个核心主题。书中深入探讨了每个元素的设计、用法、潜在陷阱和细节，为C++程序员提供了详尽的教程和参考材料。" C++标准程序库是C++编程语言的重要组成部分，它为开发者提供了大量的类和接口，用于扩展语言的基础功能。这本书由Nicolai M. Josuttis撰写，旨在帮助读者理解和充分利用这个强大的工具集。 C++标准程序库的核心部分是STL，它包括四个主要组件： 1. **容器**：如vector、list、set和map等，它们存储和管理对象集合，提供了各种操作来增加、删除和访问元素。 2. **迭代器**：作为访问容器内元素的指针，支持如同数组一样的遍历和操作，但可以适应不同类型的容器。 3. **仿函数（Functors）**：也称为函数对象，是具有行为的类，可以作为参数传递给算法，实现定制化的操作。 4. **算法**：如sort、find、transform等，它们执行通用操作，可以作用于不同的容器和数据结构。书中还涵盖了其他关键主题，如： - **特殊容器**：如stack、queue和deque，它们提供特定的数据访问模式。 - **字符串**：C++中的string类提供了处理文本字符串的能力。 - **数值**：包括数学函数和数值类型的操作。 - **IOStream**：支持输入/输出流，简化了数据的读写操作。 - **国际化(i18n)**：处理多语言和文化环境下的问题。 - **空间配置器(Allocator)**：管理内存分配的机制，允许用户自定义内存管理策略。每一章都提供了详细的介绍、设计原理、示例代码以及可能遇到的问题和陷阱。此外，书中的准确注释和定义使得读者能够快速查找和理解所需的类和函数。通过学习《C++标准程序库:自修教程与参考手册》，读者不仅能够掌握C++标准程序库的基本用法，还能深入理解其设计理念，从而在实际项目中更加高效地使用这些工具。这本书是C++程序员进阶和优化代码质量的必备参考。

The C++ Standard Library

dyne-book

Templates are functions or classes that are written for one or more types not yet specified. When

you use a template, you pass the types as arguments, explicitly or implicitly. The following is a

typical example — a function that returns the maximum of two values:

template <class T>

inline const T& max (const T& a, const T& b)

{

// if a <b then use b else use a

return a < b ? b : a;

}

Here, the first line defines T as an arbitrary data type that is specified by the caller when the caller

calls the function. You can use any identifier as a parameter name, but using T is very common, if

not a de facto convention. The type is classified by class, although it does not have to be a

class. You can use any data type as long as it provides the operations that the template uses.

[3]

class was used here to avoid the introduction of a new keyword when templates were introduced.

However, now there is a new keyword, typename, that you can also use here (see page 11).

Following the same principle, you can "parameterize" classes on arbitrary types. This is useful for

container classes. You can implement the container operations for an arbitrary element type. The

C++ standard library provides many template container classes (for example, see Chapter 6 or

Chapter 10). It also uses template classes for many other reasons. For example, the string

classes are parameterized on the type of the characters and the properties of the character set

(see Chapter 11).

A template is not compiled once to generate code usable for any type; instead, it is compiled for

each type or combination of types for which it is used. This leads to an important problem in the

handling of templates in practice: You must have the implementation of a template function

available when you call it, so that you can compile the function for your specific type. Therefore,

the only portable way of using templates at the moment is to implement them in header files by

using inline functions.

[4]

To avoid the problem of templates having to be present in header files, the standard introduced a

template compilation model with the keyword export. However, I have not seen it implemented yet.

The full functionality of the C++ standard library requires not only the support of templates in

general, but also many new standardized template features, including those discussed in the

following paragraphs.

Nontype Template Parameters

In addition to type parameters, it is also possible to use nontype parameters. A nontype

parameter is then considered as part of the type. For example, for the standard class bitset<>

(class bitset<> is introduced in Section 10.4,) you can pass the number of bits as the

template argument. The following statements define two bitfields, one with 32 bits and one with

50 bits:

bitset<32> fIags32; // bitset with 32 bits

bitset<50> flags50; // bitset with 50 bits

These bitsets have different types because they use different template arguments. Thus, you

can't assign or compare them (except if a corresponding type conversion is provided).

Default Template Parameters

The C++ Standard Library

dyne-book

Templates classes may have default arguments. For example, the following declaration allows

one to declare objects of class MyClass with one or two template arguments

[5]

Note that you have to put a space between the two ">" characters. ">>" would be parsed as shift

operator, which would result in a syntax error.

template <class T, class container = vector<T> >

class MyClass;

If you pass only one argument, the default parameter is used as second argument:

MyClass<int> x1; // equivalent to: MyClass<int,vector<int> >

Note that default template arguments may be defined in terms of previous arguments.

Keyword

typename

The keyword typename was introduced to specify that the identifier that follows is a type.

Consider the following example:

template <class T>

Class MyClass {

typename T::SubType * ptr;

...

};

Here, typename is used to clarify that SubType is a type of class T. Thus, ptr is a pointer to

the type T::SubType. Without typename, SubType would be considered a static member.

Thus

T::SubType * ptr

would be a multiplication of value SubType of type T with ptr.

According to the qualification of SubType being a type, any type that is used in place of T must

provide an inner type SubType. For example, the use of type Q as a template argument

MyClass<Q> x;

is possible only if type Q has an inner type definition such as the following:

class Q {

typedef int SubType;

...

};

In this case, the ptr member of MyClass<Q> would be a pointer to type int. However, the

subtype could also be an abstract data type (such as a class):

class Q {

class SubType;

...

};

Note that typename is always necessary to qualify an identifier of a template as being a type,

even if an interpretation that is not a type would make no sense. Thus, the general rule in C++ is

that any identifier of a template is considered to be a value, except it is qualified by typename.

Apart from this, typename can also be used instead of class in a template declaration:

template <typename T> class MyClass;

剩余641页未读，继续阅读

arvin_xiaoting

粉丝: 374
资源: 47

C++标准程序库详解：自修教程与参考手册

C++标准程序库：权威指南与参考手册

C++标准库详解与实践指南

深入理解C++标准程序库

c++标准程序库.pdf

C++ 标准程序库.pdf

c++高级编程 C++面向对象多线程编程 c++标准程序库.pdf

c++高级编程 C++面向对象多线程编程 c++标准程序库.pdf 5

C++标准程序库..pdf

C++标准程序库.zip

基于labview的改变字体大小源码.zip

最新资源