cost. If the thickness of the substrate could be less, more size
reduction effect could be achieved. However, the limitation of the
line width in our PCB process is 0.15 mm. The photograph of the
fabricated MEBE-on-microstrip coupler is shown in Figure 6.
4. EVALUATION OF MEBE-ON-MICROSTRIP HYBRID
COUPLER
Figures 7 and 8 show the designed and measured scattering pa-
rameters corresponding to the conventional branch-line and pro-
posed couplers, respectively. The MEBE-based coupler exhibits an
insertion loss not greater than 3.5 dB at the operating frequency,
which is comparable with the conventional one. The measured
reflection coefficients are below 20 dB. The measured isolation
between ports 1 and 3 is also better than 25 dB at the operating
frequency band. The proposed coupler operates in the same way as
the conventional one, but effectively rejects the 2nd and 3rd
spurious harmonics by ⫺25 and ⫺19 dB, respectively. Obviously,
rather than the large size, the conventional rat-race hybrid ring
suffers severely from the interference of harmonics. Table 1 lists
the comparisons between existing MEBE-on-microstrip [19–21],
conventional, and proposed rat-race hybrid couplers.
5. CONCLUSION
This article presents a novel MEBE cell and its attractive applica-
tion in rat-race hybrid ring coupler. Design motivation is for
harmonics suppression and miniaturization. The insertion losses of
less than 3.5 dB, less than 20 dB return loss, and isolation of better
than 25 dB are obtained. In addition, a 25-dB suppression for the
2nd harmonic and a 19-dB suppression for the 3rd harmonic are
also achieved, together with reducing circuit area by 64.62%
relative to conventional rat-race coupler without sacrificing the
performance. The proposed planar MEBE structure enables an
easy implementation in common PCB process with no rigorous
and additional process steps such as 3D technology, additional
lumped components, ground etching, via holes and bonding wire,
and holds great promise for use in RF and microwave systems for
miniaturization and harmonic suppression.
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© 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ALL-OPTICAL FREQUENCY
CONVERTER BASED ON FIBER FOUR-
WAVE MIXING FOR BIDIRECTIONAL
RADIO-OVER-FIBER SYSTEMS
Ying Gao, Shiming Gao, and Haiyan Ou
Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, Joint Research
Center of Photonics of the Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden)
and Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058,
China; Corresponding author: gaosm@zju.edu.cn
Received 23 September 2008
ABSTRACT: A frequency up/down-converter is proposed based on fi-
ber four-wave-mixing (FWM) between the output of a dual-wavelength
TABLE 1 Comparisons of Different Rat-Race Coupler
Couplers
Rat-race Coupler Freq (GHz)
Coupler
Relative Area (%)
Harmonic
Suppression
Conventional 1.2 100 No
[19] 2.6 77 No
[20] 2 54 Yes
[21] 2.4 45 Yes
Proposed 1.2 35.38 Yes
1542 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 51, No. 6, June 2009 DOI 10.1002/mop