IEEE 802.11af标准：无线局域网电视空白频段操作

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"802.11af文档主要涵盖了无线局域网（WLAN）在电视空白频段（TV White Spaces, TVWS）中的操作规范。这份协议手册由IEEE LAN/MAN标准委员会赞助，详细定义了802.11af标准，它是对802.11-2012标准的第五次修订，同时考虑了之前802.11ae、802.11aa、802.11ad和802.11ac的修正内容。" 802.11af标准是IEEE 802.11系列的一部分，专注于利用电视白频谱来提升无线通信的效率和覆盖范围。电视白频谱是指电视广播频道之间未被使用的频段，这些频段通常具有良好的穿透力和传播距离，因此特别适合用于无线网络连接。802.11af标准的制定是为了允许无线设备在不干扰电视广播的情况下，有效利用这些空闲频段进行通信。 802.11af的主要特点包括： 1. **频谱利用率**：在TVWS中运行的设备可以有效地利用这些频段，减少与其他无线系统的冲突，提高频谱效率。 2. **更广的覆盖范围**：由于TVWS频段的特性，802.11af设备能够提供比传统2.4GHz和5GHz Wi-Fi更远的传输距离，这对于农村地区和大型开放空间的无线网络覆盖尤其有利。 3. **智能频谱管理**：802.11af标准包含了一套智能的频谱管理机制，确保设备能够检测并避免与电视广播和其他授权服务之间的干扰。 4. **兼容性**：802.11af标准与之前的标准如802.11ae、802.11aa、802.11ad和802.11ac兼容，这意味着它可以与现有Wi-Fi设备无缝协作，同时也引入了新的性能增强功能。 5. **功率级别**：802.11af允许在TVWS中使用较高的功率水平，这进一步增强了信号的覆盖范围和穿透能力。 6. **安全性和认证**：如同其他802.11标准，802.11af也包括了安全性和认证机制，保护用户数据的隐私和网络的完整性。 802.11af的实施不仅提升了无线网络的性能，而且对于推动无线基础设施的发展，特别是对于那些难以接入传统宽带服务的偏远地区，有着重要的意义。随着物联网（IoT）和智能城市等应用的快速发展，这种高效利用频谱的技术将发挥关键作用，提供可靠且高效的无线连接。 802.11af标准是无线通信领域的一个重要进步，它利用电视白频谱提供了更高效、更广泛的无线连接方案，为未来的无线网络发展奠定了基础。对于IT专业人士而言，理解并掌握802.11af的原理和应用，对于设计和优化无线网络架构至关重要。

10.43.5.2 CSM requesting STA................................................................................. 76

10.43.5.3 CSM responding STA................................................................................ 76

10.43.6 Contact verification signal (CVS).............................................................................. 77

10.43.7 Network channel control (NCC) procedures ............................................................. 77

10.43.7.1 Introduction................................................................................................ 77

10.43.7.2 NCC requesting STA ................................................................................. 78

10.43.7.3 NCC responding STA................................................................................ 79

10.43.8 Reduced neighbor report............................................................................................ 79

10.43.9 White space map (WSM)........................................................................................... 80

23. Television Very High Throughput (TVHT) PHY specification........................................................ 82

23.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 82

23.1.1 Introduction to the TVHT PHY................................................................................. 82

23.1.2 Scope.......................................................................................................................... 83

23.1.3 TVHT PHY functions ................................................................................................ 84

23.1.3.1 General....................................................................................................... 84

23.1.3.2 PHY management entity (PLME).............................................................. 84

23.1.3.3 Service specification method ..................................................................... 84

23.1.4 PPDU formats ............................................................................................................ 84

23.2 TVHT PHY service interface .................................................................................................. 84

23.2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 84

23.2.2 TXVECTOR and RXVECTOR parameters .............................................................. 84

23.2.3 Effects of CH_BANDWIDTH parameter on PPDU format...................................... 91

23.2.4 Support for NON_HT and HT formats...................................................................... 92

23.3 TVHT PHY sublayer ............................................................................................................... 96

23.3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 96

23.3.2 VHT PPDU format in TVWS bands.......................................................................... 96

23.3.3 Transmitter block diagram......................................................................................... 96

23.3.4 Overview of the PPDU encoding process.................................................................. 98

23.3.4.1 General....................................................................................................... 98

23.3.4.2 Construction of L-STF............................................................................... 98

23.3.4.3 Construction of the L-LTF......................................................................... 98

23.3.4.4 Construction of L-SIG ............................................................................... 99

23.3.4.5 Construction of TVHT-SIG-A................................................................... 99

23.3.4.6 Construction of TVHT-STF....................................................................... 99

23.3.4.7 Construction of TVHT-LTF ...................................................................... 99

23.3.4.8 Construction of TVHT-SIG-B ................................................................... 99

23.3.4.9 Construction of the Data field in an SU PPDU ....................................... 100

23.3.4.10 Construction of the Data field in an MU PPDU ...................................... 100

23.3.5 Modulation and coding scheme (MCS)................................................................... 101

23.3.6 Timing-related parameters....................................................................................... 101

23.3.7 Mathematical description of signals ........................................................................ 102

23.3.8 TVHT preamble....................................................................................................... 106

23.3.8.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 106

23.3.8.2 Non-TVHT portion of VHT format preamble ......................................... 106

23.3.8.3 TVHT portion of VHT format preamble ................................................. 107

23.3.9 Transmission of NON_HT and HT PPDUs with multiple antennas ....................... 109

23.3.9.1 Transmission of NON_HT PPDUs with more than one antenna ............ 109

23.3.9.2 Transmission of HT format PPDUs with more than four antennas ......... 109

23.3.10 Data field.................................................................................................................. 109

23.3.10.1 General..................................................................................................... 109

23.3.10.2 SERVICE field ........................................................................................ 109

23.3.10.3 CRC calculation for TVHT-SIG-B.......................................................... 109

23.3.10.4 Scrambler ................................................................................................. 109

23.3.10.5 Coding...................................................................................................... 109

23.3.10.6 Stream parser ........................................................................................... 110

23.3.10.7 Segment parser......................................................................................... 110

23.3.10.8 BCC interleaver ....................................................................................... 110

23.3.10.9 Constellation mapping ............................................................................. 110

23.3.10.10 Pilot subcarriers ....................................................................................... 111

23.3.10.11 OFDM modulation transmission in VHT format .................................... 111

23.3.10.12 Non-HT duplicate transmission ............................................................... 112

23.3.11 SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO Beamforming.............................................................. 112

23.3.11.1 General..................................................................................................... 112

23.3.11.2 Beamforming Feedback Matrix V ........................................................... 113

23.3.11.3 Group ID .................................................................................................. 113

23.3.12 TVHT preamble format for sounding PPDUs ......................................................... 113

23.3.13 Regulatory requirements.......................................................................................... 113

23.3.14 Channelization ......................................................................................................... 113

23.3.15 Transmit RF delay ................................................................................................... 115

23.3.16 Slot time................................................................................................................... 115

23.3.17 Transmit and receive port impedance...................................................................... 115

23.3.18 PMD transmit specification ..................................................................................... 115

23.3.18.1 Transmit spectrum mask.......................................................................... 115

23.3.18.2 Spectral flatness ....................................................................................... 116

23.3.18.3 Transmit center frequency and symbol clock frequency tolerance ......... 118

23.3.18.4 Modulation accuracy................................................................................ 118

23.3.18.5 Time of Departure accuracy .................................................................... 119

23.3.19 TVHT receiver specification ................................................................................... 119

23.3.19.1 General..................................................................................................... 119

23.3.19.2 Receiver minimum input sensitivity ........................................................ 119

23.3.19.3 Adjacent channel rejection....................................................................... 120

23.3.19.4 Nonadjacent channel rejection................................................................. 120

23.3.19.5 Receiver maximum input level ................................................................ 121

23.3.19.6 CCA sensitivity........................................................................................ 121

23.3.19.7 RSSI ......................................................................................................... 122

23.3.20 PLCP transmit procedure......................................................................................... 123

23.3.21 PLCP receive procedure .......................................................................................... 123

23.4 TVHT PLME ......................................................................................................................... 123

23.4.1 PLME_SAP sublayer management primitives ........................................................ 123

23.4.2 PHY MIB................................................................................................................. 123

23.4.3 TXTIME and PSDU_LENGTH calculation............................................................ 123

23.4.4 PHY characteristics.................................................................................................. 123

23.5 Parameters for TVHT MCSs ................................................................................................. 124

Annex B (normative) Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma....................... 131

B.2 Abbreviations and special symbols.................................................................................. 131

B.2.2 General abbreviations for Item and Support columns........................................ 131

B.4 PICS proforma—IEEE Std. 802.11-2012........................................................................ 131

B.4.4.1 MAC protocol capabilities .................................................................. 132

B.4.4.2 MAC frames........................................................................................ 132

B.4.12 Spectrum management extensions ..................................................................... 133

B.4.14 QoS base functionality ....................................................................................... 135

B.4.18 DSE functions .................................................................................................... 135

B.4.19.1 HT MAC features................................................................................ 138

B.4.21 WNM extensions................................................................................................ 139

Tables

Table 4-1—GDD mechanisms and timescales .............................................................................................. 11

Table 7-5—The channel-list parameter elements.......................................................................................... 33

Table 8-13b—MFB subfield in the VHT variant HT Control field .............................................................. 35

Table 8-14b—Device Class field definition .................................................................................................. 36

Table 8-14a—General TLV format ............................................................................................................... 36

Table 8-14d—Device Location Information field definition ........................................................................37

Table 8-14e—Channel Schedule Descriptor Tuple attribute definition ........................................................ 37

Table 8-14c—Device Identification Information field definition ................................................................. 37

Table 8-14f—Channel Schedule Descriptor Value fields ............................................................................. 38

Table 8-14h—WSM Information Value fields .............................................................................................. 39

Table 8-14g—WSM information values ....................................................................................................... 39

Table 8-20—Beacon frame body................................................................................................................... 40

Table 8-26—Probe Request frame body ....................................................................................................... 40

Table 8-27—Probe Response frame body ..................................................................................................... 41

Table 8-37—Status codes .............................................................................................................................. 41

Table 8-53k—Subfield values of the Operating Mode field .........................................................................44

Table 8-53n—Channel Schedule Management Mode field values ............................................................... 45

Table 8-53m—Reason Result Code field values........................................................................................... 45

Table 8-54—Element IDs.............................................................................................................................. 47

Table 8-53o—WSM Type definition............................................................................................................. 47

Table 8-103—Capabilities field..................................................................................................................... 48

Table 8-105—Default EDCA Parameter Set element parameter values if dot11OCBActivated is false ..... 48

Table 8-175—Advertisement protocol ID definitions................................................................................... 49

Table 8-183v—Subfields of the VHT Capabilities Info field .......................................................................50

Table 8-183aa—TVHT Operation Information subfields ............................................................................. 54

Table 8-190.a1—RLQP-element definitions ................................................................................................. 55

Table 8-190.a2—Reason Result Code field values ....................................................................................... 56

Table 8-190.a3—Reason Result Code field values ....................................................................................... 58

Table 8-210—Public Action field values ...................................................................................................... 59

Table 8-228—Public Action field values defined for Protected Dual of Public Action frames.................... 64

Table 10-20—TVHT BSS operating channel width...................................................................................... 69

Table 23-1—TXVECTOR and RXVECTOR parameters............................................................................. 85

Table 23-2—PPDU format as a function of CH_BANDWIDTH parameter ................................................ 91

Table 23-4—RATE field in L-SIG ................................................................................................................ 93

Table 23-3—Modulation-dependent parameters for Non-HT duplicate mode in TVWS band .................... 93

Table 23-5—Timing-related constants in Non-HT PPDU ............................................................................ 94

Table 23-6—Tone location in Non-HT PPDU .............................................................................................. 95

Table 23-7—Fields of the VHT PPDU in TVWS bands............................................................................... 96

Table 23-8—Timing-related parameters ..................................................................................................... 101

Table 23-9—Tone location.......................................................................................................................... 102

Table 23-10—Center frequency of a PPDU transmitted in frequency segment iSeg.................................. 104

Table 23-11—Tone scaling factor and guard interval duration values for PLCP fields ............................. 105

Table 23-12—Transmission mode and Gamma subk,m ............................................................................. 105

Table 23-13—B0-B1 (BW) in TVHT-SIG-A1 ...........................................................................................108

Table 23-14—Number of rows and columns in the interleaver .................................................................. 110

Table 23-15—LDPC Tone Mapping Distance for each transmission mode ............................................... 111

Table 23-16—Parameters for Non-HT duplicate transmissions.................................................................. 112

Table 23-17—Fields to specify TVHT channels......................................................................................... 113

Table 23-18—Spectral mask frequency scaling factor for contiguous transmission .................................. 115

Table 23-19—Spectral mask frequency scaling factor for TVHT_MODE_4N.......................................... 115

Table 23-20—Spectral mask frequency scaling factor for TVHT_MODE_2N.......................................... 116

Table 23-21—Maximum transmit spectral flatness deviations ................................................................... 117

Table 23-22—Receiver minimum input level sensitivity............................................................................119

Table 23-23—Minimum required adjacent and nonadjacent channel rejection levels................................ 120

Table 23-24—Conditions for CCA BUSY on the primary channel............................................................ 122

Table 23-25—TVHT PHY characteristics .................................................................................................. 123

Table 23-26—TVHT MCSs for TVHT_MODE_1, NSS = 1...................................................................... 124

Table 23-27—TVHT MCSs for TVHT_MODE_1, NSS = 2...................................................................... 125

Table 23-28—TVHT MCSs for TVHT_MODE_1, NSS = 3...................................................................... 125

Table 23-29—TVHT MCSs for TVHT_MODE_1, NSS = 4...................................................................... 126

Table 23-30—TVHT MCSs for TVHT_MODE_2C and TVHT_MODE_2N, NSS = 1 ............................ 126

Table 23-31—TVHT MCSs for TVHT_MODE_2C and TVHT_MODE_2N, NSS = 2 ............................ 127

Table 23-32—TVHT MCSs for TVHT_MODE_2C and TVHT_MODE_2N, NSS = 3 ............................ 127

Table 23-33—TVHT MCSs for TVHT_MODE_2C and TVHT_MODE_2N, NSS = 4 ............................ 128

Table 23-34—TVHT MCSs for TVHT_MODE_4C and TVHT_MODE_4N, NSS = 1 ............................ 128

Table 23-35—TVHT MCSs for TVHT_MODE_4C and TVHT_MODE_4N, NSS = 2 ............................ 129

Table 23-36—TVHT MCSs for TVHT_MODE_4C and TVHT_MODE_4N, NSS = 3 ............................ 129

Table 23-37—TVHT MCSs for TVHT_MODE_4C and TVHT_MODE_4N, NSS = 4 ............................ 130

Table D-1—Regulatory requirement list ..................................................................................................... 170

Table D-2—Behavior limits sets ................................................................................................................. 170

Table E-4—Global operating classes .......................................................................................................... 171

Table E-7—TVWS GDD timer limits ......................................................................................................... 172

Table E-8—Device Identification Information Value fields ....................................................................... 173

Table E-9—WSM Information Value fields ............................................................................................... 173

Table E-10—TVWS GDD timer limits ....................................................................................................... 174

Table H-1—Payload Type field values ....................................................................................................... 175

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