FPGA嵌入式图像处理系统设计

FPGA

图像处理

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"FPGA嵌入式图像处理系统（英文版）是一本专注于在FPGA上实现嵌入式图像处理技术的专业书籍，作者是Donald G. Bailey，来自新西兰的梅西大学。该书由IEEE和John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd出版，首次发行于2011年。书中详细探讨了如何在FPGA（Field-Programmable Gate Array，现场可编程门阵列）平台上设计和实现用于嵌入式系统的图像处理算法。" FPGA嵌入式图像处理系统是现代电子工程中的一个重要领域，它结合了计算机视觉、数字信号处理和硬件设计等多个技术领域。FPGA因其可编程性和并行处理能力，在图像处理应用中具有显著优势，能够实现高性能、低延迟的实时处理。本书可能涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **FPGA基础**：介绍FPGA的基本结构和工作原理，包括查找表（LUT）、可配置逻辑块（CLB）、输入/输出块（IOB）等组成部分，以及如何利用VHDL或Verilog等硬件描述语言进行设计。 2. **图像处理理论**：涵盖基本的图像处理概念，如滤波、边缘检测、色彩空间转换、缩放和旋转等，以及这些操作在实际应用中的重要性。 3. **嵌入式系统设计**：讨论如何将图像处理算法集成到嵌入式系统中，包括处理器与FPGA之间的接口设计，以及存储器管理等。 4. **硬件加速**：解释如何通过FPGA实现高效的硬件加速器，以提升图像处理速度，特别关注并行计算和数据流优化。 5. **设计流程**：介绍完整的FPGA设计流程，包括需求分析、算法选择、硬件描述、仿真验证、综合和配置。 6. **工具和平台**：可能会涉及使用Xilinx ISE、Altera Quartus II等常见的FPGA开发工具，以及Vivado HLS、OpenCV等高级设计工具和库。 7. **案例研究**：提供实际的图像处理项目实例，如视频流处理、机器视觉应用等，帮助读者理解和应用所学知识。 8. **性能评估**：分析和比较FPGA解决方案与其他平台（如CPU或GPU）的性能差异，探讨功耗、面积和速度权衡。 9. **版权和许可**：强调了对书籍内容的复制和使用需遵守的版权法规，提示读者如何合法获取和使用书中的材料。通过学习本书，读者可以掌握FPGA在图像处理领域的应用，具备设计和实现高效嵌入式图像处理系统的能力。这对于那些从事嵌入式系统开发、计算机视觉研究或者对硬件加速感兴趣的工程师来说，是一份宝贵的参考资料。

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Conventions Used

The contents of this book are independent of any particular FPGA or FPGA vendor, or any particular

hardware description language. The topic is already sufﬁciently specialised without narrowing the

audience further! As a result, many of the functions and operations are represented in block schematic

form. This enables a language independent representation, and places emphasis on a particular hardware

implementation of the algorithm in a way that is portable. The basic elements of these schematics are

illustrated in Figure P.1. I is generally used as the input of an image processing operation, with the output

image represented by Q.

With some mathematical operations, such as subtraction and comparison, the order of the operands is

important. In such cases, the ﬁrst operand is indicated with a blob rather than an arrow, as shown on the

bottom in Figure P.1.

Consider a recursive ﬁlter operating on streamed data:

; jI

n1

j < T

n1

þ kðI

n1

Þ; otherwise

(

ðP:1Þ

where the subscript in this instance refers to the nth pixel in the streamed image. At a high level, this can be

considered as an image processing operation and represented by a single block, as shown in the top left of

Figure P.1. The low level implementation is given in the middle left panel. The input and output, I and Q,

are represented by registers dark blocks, with optional register names in white; the subscripts have been

dropped because they are implicit with streamed operation. In some instances additional control inputs

may be shown:

for clock enable,

RST

for reset, and so on. Constants are represented as mid grey blocks

and other function blocks with light grey background.

When representing logic functions in equations, _is used for logical OR and ^for logical AND. This is

to avoid confusion with addition and multiplication.

Counter

Constant

Function block

Single bit signal

Multi bit signal (a number)

Multiplexer

Signal concatenation

Signal splitting

Frame buffer

Filter

Image processing operation

A B

A>B

Figure P.1 Conventions used in this book. Top left: representation of an image processing operation;

middle left: a block schematic representation of the function given by Equation P.1; bottom left:

representation of operators where the order of operands is important. Right: symbols used for various

blocks within block schematics.

xvi Preface

卞

Acknowledgements

I would like to acknowledge all those who have helped me to get me where I currently am in my

understanding of FPGA based design. In particular, I would like to thank my research students

(David Johnson, Kim Gribbon, Chris Johnston, Aaron Bishell, Andreas Buhler and Ni Ma) who helped

to shape my thinking and approach to FPGA development as we struggled together to work out efﬁcient

ways of implementing image processing algorithms. This book is as much a reﬂection of their work as it

is of mine.

Most of our algorithms were programmed for FPGAs using Handel C and were tested on boards

provided by Celoxica Ltd. I would like to acknowledge the support provided by Roger Gook and his team,

originally with the Celoxica University Programme, and later with Agility Design Solutions. Roger

provided heavily discounted licences for the DK development suite, without which many of the ideas

presented in this book would not have been as fully explored.

Massey University has provided a supportive environment and the freedom for me to explore this ﬁeld.

In particular, Serge Demidenko gave me the encouragement and the push to begin playing with FPGAs.

Since that time, he has been a source of both inspiration and challenging questions. Other colleagues who

have been of particular encouragement are Gourab Sen Gupta and Richard Harris. I would also like to

acknowledge Paul Lyons, who co supervised a number of my students.

Early versions of some of the material in this book were presented as half day tutorials at the IEEE

Region 10 Conference (TenCon) in 2005 in Melbourne, Australia, the IEEE International Conference on

Image Processing (ICIP) in 2007 in San Antonio, Texas, USA, and the 2010 Asian Conference on

Computer Vision (ACCV) in Queenstown, New Zealand. I would like to thank attendees at these

workshops for providing valuable feedback and stimulating discussion.

During 2008, I spent a sabbatical with the Circuits and Systems Group at Imperial College London, UK.

I am grateful to Peter Cheung, who hosted my visit, and provided a quiet ofﬁce, free from distractions and

interruptions. It was here that I actually began writing, and got most of the text outlined at least. I would

particularly like to thank Peter Cheung, Christos Bouganis, Peter Sedcole and George Constantinides for

discussions and opportunities to bounce ideas off.

My wife, Robyn, has given me the freedom of many evenings and weekends over the two years since

then to complete this manuscript. I am grateful for both her patience and her support. She now knows that

ﬁeld programmable gate arrays are not alligators with ray guns stalking the swamp. This book is dedicated

to her.

Donald Bailey

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