PHP大师：编写前沿代码(2011) - Lorna Mitchell等著

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"PHP.Master：Write.Cutting-Edge.Code(2011)" 是一本由 Lorna Mitchell、Davey Shafik 和 Matthew Turland 合著的书籍，专注于讲解现代、高效且安全的 PHP 编程技术。这本书涵盖了面向对象编程、数据库管理、API 设计、设计模式、安全性、性能优化、自动化测试以及质量保证等多个核心话题。在书中，作者们首先引导读者深入理解 PHP 的面向对象编程（OOP），这是构建可维护和可扩展的代码基础。这部分可能包括类、对象、继承、封装和多态等概念，帮助开发者提升代码组织和模块化的能力。接下来，书籍转到数据库部分，讨论如何有效地使用 PHP 与数据库进行交互，可能涵盖 MySQL、PDO（PHP Data Objects）以及 SQL 优化等内容。这有助于开发人员创建高性能的数据驱动应用程序。 APIs 章节会涉及如何设计和使用 API，包括 RESTful API 设计原则和 JSON Web Token (JWT) 安全性。这使开发者能够创建和集成外部服务，增强应用程序的功能。设计模式部分介绍了一些常见的软件设计模式，如工厂模式、观察者模式和策略模式等，这些都是提升代码复用性和灵活性的关键工具。安全性章节讨论了 PHP 应用程序中的安全实践，如输入验证、SQL 注入防御、XSS（跨站脚本）防护以及 CSRF（跨站请求伪造）预防，确保开发者能构建更安全的 web 应用。性能章节关注如何优化 PHP 代码和配置，可能包含内存管理、缓存策略、代码剖析和性能调优工具的使用，帮助开发者提升应用的运行效率。自动化测试章节介绍单元测试、集成测试和持续集成的概念，使用诸如 PHPUnit 等工具，让开发者能够在开发过程中尽早发现和修复问题。质量保证部分强调了测试驱动开发(TDD)和行为驱动开发(BDD)的方法，以及代码审查和文档编写的重要性，以确保软件质量。附录部分包含了对 PEAR 和 PECL（PHP 扩展和应用仓库）的介绍，SPL（标准 PHP 库）的概述，以及关于进一步学习 PHP 技术的建议。 "PHP.Master：Write.Cutting-Edge.Code" 是一本全面的 PHP 开发指南，旨在提升专业 PHP 开发者的技能，使他们能够编写出前沿且高效的代码。

Automating Writing Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Load Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

ab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

Siege . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Tried and Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

Chapter 8 Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Measuring Quality with Static Analysis Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

phploc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

phpcpd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

phpmd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

Coding Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Checking Coding Standards with PHP Code Sniffer . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Viewing Coding Standards Violations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

PHP Code Sniffer Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Documentation and Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Using phpDocumentor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

Other Documentation Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

Source Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Working with Centralized Version Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

Using Subversion for Source Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Designing Repository Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Distributed Version Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

Social Tools for Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

Using Git for Source Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

The Repository as the Root of the Build Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

Automated Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

Instantly Switching to a New Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

Managing Database Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

Automated Deployment and Phing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

xvi

Ready to Deploy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Appendix A PEAR and PECL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

What is PEAR? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

What is PECL? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Installing Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

PEAR Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Using PEAR Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

Installing Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

Compiling Extensions by Hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

Creating Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Package Versioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

Creating a Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

Now What? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

Appendix B SPL: The Standard PHP

Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

ArrayAccess and ArrayObject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

Autoloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344

Working with Directories and Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Countable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Fixed-size Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

Stacks and Queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

Heaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

Priority Queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

xvii

Preface

PHP Master is aimed at intermediate PHP developers—those who have left their

newbie status behind, and are looking to advance their skills and knowledge. Our

aim as authors is to enable developers to refine their skills across a number of areas,

and so we’ve picked topics that we felt have stood us in the best stead to grow as

developers and progress our skills and careers.

It’s expected that you’ll already be working with at least some of the topics we

cover; however, even topics that may already be familiar to you are recommended

reading. PHP, perhaps more than many other languages, seems to attract people

from different walks of life. There’s no sense of discrimination against those with

no formal education in computing or in web development specifically. So while

you may be actively using several techniques laid out here, dipping in to the chapters

that follow could reveal new approaches, or illustrate some underlying theory that’s

new to you. It is possible to go a long way with the tricks you pick up in your day-

to-day work, but if you’re looking to cement those skills and gain a more solid

footing, you’re in the right place.

This book will assist you in making that leap from competent web developer to

confident software engineer—one who uses best practice, and gets the job done re-

liably and quickly. Because we’re writing PHP as a way to make a living, just like

many of you do, we use a “how to” approach. The aim is to give you practical,

useful advice with real examples as you move through the sections of the book.

Whatever path brought you here, we hope you find what you’re looking for, and

wish you the best of everything as you travel onwards.

Who Should Read This Book

As stated, PHP Master is written for the intermediate developer. This means you

should have a solid grounding in the fundamentals of PHP—the syntax underpinning

the code, how functions and variables operate, constructs like foreach loops and

if/else statements, and how server-side scripts interact with client-side markup

(with HTML forms, for instance). We won’t be rehashing the basics—although

there’ll be plenty of references to concepts you should already be familiar with, and

you’ll be learning new ways to improve upon your existing techniques of generating

server-side applications.

We’re going to work to an object oriented programming game plan—and if that’s a

term you’ve heard mentioned before, you’ll certainly be hearing a lot more of it as

you progress through this book! OOP, as it’s commonly known, is a standard to

which good PHP developers adhere to ensure compliance with best practice, and

to make their code work as efficiently as possible. You’ll learn how to use OOP to

your advantage—creating classes, instantiating objects, and tightening your coding

processes, generating some handy templates for future projects en route. If you’re

already familiar with OOP, the opening chapter will serve as an excellent refresher,

and if not, make sure you start right from the beginning to gain the most from

reading PHP Master.

In addition, we’ll be working with databases—a key mode of storage for web applic-

ations. A basic understanding of what databases are and how they work will help

you along, but we’ll be covering ways of connecting to them in great depth, as well

as stepping through the world of MySQL—the most popular query language used

to interact with information in a database.

Finally, this book will tackle some nifty approaches to refining, testing, and deploy-

ing your code. While these concepts are somewhat advanced, thorough explanations

will be provided. A familiarity with command line interfaces and their associated

vocabularies will be of assistance in these chapters.

What’s in This Book

This book comprises eight chapters and three appendices. While most chapters

follow on from each other, they each deal with a new topic. You’ll probably gain

the most benefit from reading them in sequence, but you can certainly skip around

if you only need a refresher on a particular subject.

Chapter 1: Object Oriented Programming

We’ll start by discussing what object oriented programming consists of, and

look at how to associate values and functions together in one unit: the object.

Declaring classes and instantiating objects will be covered to start us off on our

OOP journey; then we’ll delve into inheritance, interfaces, and exception

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