Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:131
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-6633-7
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
On possibility of determining neutrino mass hierarchy by the
charged-current and neutral-current events of supernova
neutrinos in scintillation detectors
Fei-Fan Lee
1
, Feng-Shiuh Lee
2
, Kwang-Chang Lai
3,a
1
Department of Physics, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
2
Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-chu 300, Taiwan
3
Center for General Education, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
Received: 13 September 2018 / Accepted: 28 January 2019 / Published online: 12 February 2019
© The Author(s) 2019
Abstract One of the unresolved mysteries in neutrino
physics is the neutrino mass hierarchy. We present a new
method to determine neutrino mass hierarchy by comparing
the events of inverse beta decays (IBD), ¯ν
e
+ p → n + e
+
,
and neutral current (NC) interactions, ν(
ν)+ p → ν(ν)+ p ,
of supernova neutrinos from accretion and cooling phases
in scintillation detectors. Supernova neutrino flavor conver-
sions depend on the neutrino mass hierarchy. On account
of Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effects, the full swap
of the ¯ν
e
flux with the ¯ν
x
(x = μ, τ) one occurs in the
inverted hierarchy, while such a swap does not occur in the
normal hierarchy. In consequence, the ratio of high energy
IBD events to NC events for the inverted hierarchy is higher
than in the normal hierarchy. Since the luminosity of ¯ν
e
is
larger than that of ν
x
in accretion phase while the luminos-
ity of ¯ν
e
becomes smaller than that of ν
x
in cooling phase,
we calculate this ratio for both accretion and cooling phases.
By analyzing the change of this event ratio from accretion
phase to cooling phase, one can determine the neutrino mass
hierarchy.
1 Introduction
Supernovae (SNe) are among the most powerful sources
of neutrinos in our Universe. During a supernova explo-
sion, 99% of the emitted energy (∼ 10
53
erg) is released
by neutrinos and antineutrinos of all favors, with energy
ranging from several to a few tens MeV, which play the
role of astrophysical messengers, escaping almost unim-
peded from the supernova core. The supernova neutrino flux
has been extensively studied as a probe of both fundamen-
tal neutrino properties and core-collapse physics. Therefore,
a
e-mail: kcl@mail.cgu.edu.tw
observing the supernova neutrino signal would enable a wide
range of opportunities, both in astrophysics and in particle
physics.
Based on various oscillation experiments with atmo-
spheric, solar, and terrestrial neutrinos [1], a considerable
progress has been achieved in constraining the neutrino mix-
ing parameters [2–4]. The flavor states ν
e
, ν
μ
, and ν
τ
are now
well recognized to be superpositions of the vacuum mass
eigenstates ν
1
, ν
2
, and ν
3
[5]. Thanks to many successful
experiments, the three neutrino flavor mixing angles, θ
12
, θ
23
,
and θ
13
, and two mass-squared differences,
2
21
= m
2
2
− m
2
1
and
2
31
= m
2
3
− m
2
1
are well constrained, whereas the sign
of
2
31
, i.e., the neutrino mass hierarchy, is still unknown. To
determine the neutrino mass hierarchy, recent efforts include
works based on reactor neutrinos [6–9], different baseline
experiments [10], Earth matter effects on supernova neutrino
signals [11,12], spectral swap of SN neutrino flavors [13],
rise time of SN ν
e
light curve [14], ν
e
and ¯ν
e
light curves
on the early accretion phase [15], analysis of meteoritic SN
material [16], and detection of atmospheric neutrinos in sea
water or ice [17]. Among them, those works using supernova
neutrinos are particularly interesting because of the inter-
play between intrinsic properties of massive neutrinos and
the mechanism of SN explosions.
Historically, the detection of neutrinos from SN1987A
[18,19] has motivated a huge amount of theoretical works
in both SN physics and neutrino physics. Therefore, many
proposals to identify neutrino mass hierarchy by studying
neutrinos from galactic SNe have been proposed. Originating
from deep inside the SN core, neutrinos can experience sig-
nificant flavor transitions on their way to the terrestrial detec-
tors. Neutrino flavor conversions arising from the Mikheyev–
Smirnov–Wolfenstein (MSW) effect [20–22] are sensitive to
neutrino mass hierarchy. Additionally, it has been pointed
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