RFID入门与应用全书第三版：揭开无线识别技术的历史与现状

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《RFID手册第三版》是一本全面深入探讨射频识别（RFID）技术的权威指南，由Klaus Finkenzeller撰写，Giesecke&Devrient GmbH, Munich, Germany出版，该书在2010年首次发行。这本书不仅介绍了RFID的历史发展，还详述了其构成原理、现状及其在接触式智能卡、无源与有源RFID系统以及近场通信（NFC）领域的应用。书中首先对RFID的基本概念进行了阐述，涵盖了RFID技术的核心原理，即利用电磁波进行非接触式的数据传输和交换。它涉及到射频发射器（如电子标签或阅读器）、天线设计、信号处理以及数据编码等关键组件。此外，读者可以了解到RFID的不同类型，如EPC全球网络（EPC Global）标准支持的无源标签，以及需要外部电源的有源标签，它们各自的应用场景和优势。作者还深入探讨了RFID技术在物流、供应链管理、物联网（IoT）、门禁系统、支付技术（如NFC支付）以及安全和隐私保护等方面的应用实例。随着技术的进步，本书还关注了RFID在移动设备、智能城市和工业4.0背景下的最新进展。《RFID手册》第三版不仅适合希望深入了解RFID技术的专业人士，如工程师、系统集成商和产品经理，也对对这个领域有兴趣的初学者提供了宝贵的学习资源。此外，由于版权原因，所有复制、存储、传播行为都必须遵守英国1988年的《版权、设计和专利法》的规定。通过阅读这本书，读者将获得一个全面而深入的RFID知识体系，帮助他们在实际项目中做出明智决策并推动技术的发展与创新。

xiv List of Abbreviations

dBm Logarithmic measure of power, related to 1 mW HF-power (0 dBm = 1mW,

30 dBm = 1W)

DBP Differential bi-phase encoding

DIN Deutsche Industrienorm (German industrial standard)

DoD Department of Defense (USA)

DS Discovery services (EPC)

DWD German Weather Service

EAN European Article Number (barcode on groceries and goods)

EAS Electronic article surveillance

EC Eurocheque or electronic cash

ECC European Communications Committee

ECTRA European Committee for Regulatory Telecommunications Affairs

EDI Electronic document interchange

EEPROM Electric erasable and programmable read-only memory

EIRP Equivalent isotropic radiated power

EMC Electromagnetic compatibility

EOF End of frame

EPC Electronic product code

EPCIS EPC Information Services

ERC European Radiocommunications Committee

ERM Electromagnetic compatibility and radio spectrum matters

ERO European Radiocommunications Ofﬁce

ERO European Radio Ofﬁce

ERP Equivalent radiated power

ETCS European Train Control System

ETS European Telecommunication Standard

ETSI European Telecommunication Standards Institute

EVC European Vital Computer (part of ETCS)

FCC Federal Commission of Communication

FDX Full-duplex

FHSS Frequency hopping spread spectrum

FM Frequency modulation

FRAM Ferroelectric random access memory

FSK Frequency shift keying

GIAI Global individual asset identiﬁer (EPC)

GID General identiﬁer (EPC)

GRAI Global returnable asset identiﬁer (EPC)

GSM Global System for Mobile Communication (was Groupe Sp

ecial Mobile)

GTAG Global-tag (RFID Initiative of EAN and the UCC)

HDX Half-duplex

HF High frequency (3–30 MHz)

C Inter-IC-bus

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

ICC Integrated chip card

ID Identiﬁcation

ISM Industrial scientiﬁc medical (frequency range)

ISO International Organization for Standardization

ITU International Telecommunication Union

L Loop (inductance of a coil)

LAN Local area network

Introduction

In recent years automatic identiﬁcation procedures (Auto-ID) have become very popular in many

service industries, purchasing and distribution logistics, industry, manufacturing companies and

material ﬂow systems. Automatic identiﬁcation procedures exist to provide information about

people, animals, goods and products in transit.

The omnipresent barcode labels that triggered a revolution in identiﬁcation systems some con-

siderable time ago, are being found to be inadequate in an increasing number of cases. Barcodes

may be extremely cheap, but their stumbling block is their low storage capacity and the fact that

they cannot be reprogrammed.

The technically optimal solution would be the storage of data in a silicon chip. The most common

form of electronic data-carrying devices in use in everyday life is the smart card based upon a contact

ﬁeld (telephone smart card, bank cards). However, the mechanical contact used in the smart card is

often impractical. A contactless transfer of data between the data-carrying device and its reader is

far more ﬂexible. In the ideal case, the power required to operate the electronic data-carrying device

would also be transferred from the reader using contactless technology. Because of the procedures

used for the transfer of power and data, contactless ID systems are called RFID systems (radio

frequency identiﬁcation).

The number of companies actively involved in the development and sale of RFID systems

indicates that this is a market that should be taken seriously. Whereas global sales of RFID sys-

tems were approximately 900 million $US in the year 2000 it is estimated that this ﬁgure will

reach 2650 million $US in 2005 (Krebs, n.d.). The RFID market therefore belongs to the fastest

growing sector of the radio technology industry, including mobile phones and cordless telephones

(Figure 1.1).

Furthermore, in recent years contactless identiﬁcation has been developing into an independent

interdisciplinary ﬁeld, which no longer ﬁts into any of the conventional pigeonholes. It brings

together elements from extremely varied ﬁelds: RF technology and EMC, semiconductor technol-

ogy, data protection and cryptography, telecommunications, manufacturing technology and many

related areas.

As an introduction, the following section gives a brief overview of different automatic ID systems

that perform similar functions to RFID (Figure 1.2).

RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards, Radio Frequency Identiﬁcation

and Near-Field Communication, Third Edition. Klaus Finkenzeller

 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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